Heat is transferred around and through Earth in three different ways: conduction, convection and radiation.
Conduction is the transfer of heat through a solid material or between two objects that are in direct contact with each other. In the context of Earth, conduction plays a role in transferring heat between layers of the Earth's interior, such as the transfer of heat from the core to the mantle and crust.
Convection is the transfer of heat through the movement of a fluid or gas. This occurs due to the differences in temperature and density within the fluid or gas. Convection can be observed in Earth's atmosphere and oceans, where warm air or water rises and cooler air or water sinks, creating circular currents that transfer heat.
Radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves. This is the only method of heat transfer that can occur in a vacuum, such as in outer space. The Sun emits electromagnetic waves, including heat, which reaches Earth through radiation. Likewise, the heat radiated from Earth's surface can be absorbed by the atmosphere, leading to warming of the lower atmosphere.
These three modes of heat transfer play crucial roles in shaping Earth's climate, weather patterns, and geological processes. They are interconnected and work together to distribute heat throughout the planet.