Short-Term Causes Long-Term Causes
Russia’s conflict with different territories
The loss in the Crimean War
The assassination of Alexander II
Develop a centralized Russian identity
Gain state control
Gain a political and economic advantage
Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878
Industrialization and modernization efforts in Russia
Suppression of political dissent and opposition
Growing influence of Marxism and revolutionary ideas
Relative weakness of the Russian political system
Rise of social inequality and discontent among the working class
Failure of the autocratic rule to address social and economic issues
Inefficiency and corruption within the Russian bureaucracy
Increased militarization and expansionist ambitions of the Russian Empire
Incompetence and ineffective leadership