Childhood development: 6 years - 11 years.
a) Puberty and sexual development
b) Acquisition of formal operational thought
c) Concrete operational thought and mastery of tasks
d) Development of moral reasoning and social understanding
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a) Puberty and sexual development: During this stage, children experience significant physical and hormonal changes as they enter puberty. This includes the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development in girls and facial hair growth in boys. They also experience the onset of menstruation in girls and the production of sperm in boys.
b) Acquisition of formal operational thought: Formal operational thought refers to the ability to think abstractly, reason logically, and consider hypothetical situations. At this stage, children develop the ability to think beyond concrete, tangible experiences and understand concepts such as algebra, philosophy, and ethics.
c) Concrete operational thought and mastery of tasks: Concrete operational thought is the ability to think logically and solve problems that are grounded in real-world situations. Children in this age group have the ability to understand conservation, manipulate multiple variables, and perform operations in their mind. They also begin to master tasks such as reading, writing, and basic math.
d) Development of moral reasoning and social understanding: During this stage, children start to develop a sense of right and wrong and understand the consequences of their actions. They begin to internalize societal norms and expectations, and their moral reasoning becomes more advanced. They also gain a better understanding of social relationships, empathy, and perspective-taking.