Define the following terms
1. Broadcast address
2. Subnetting
3. Default subnet mask
4. ICMP
5. Address mapping - ARP
6. IGMP
7. NAT and PAT
8. MAC Address
9. Data Link Layer protocols�
1. Broadcast address: A broadcast address is a special address used to send a message to all devices connected to a network. It is identified by having all binary bits set to 1 in the host portion of the address.
2. Subnetting: Subnetting is the process of dividing a larger network into smaller subnetworks, known as subnets. It is primarily used to efficiently allocate IP addresses and manage network traffic.
3. Default subnet mask: A default subnet mask is a pre-configured subnet mask that is used when an IP address is assigned without explicitly specifying a subnet mask. It is generally based on the class of the IP address and determines the network and host portions of the address.
4. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): ICMP is a network protocol used for sending error messages and operational information about network conditions. It is primarily used by network devices such as routers and hosts to communicate network-related issues.
5. Address mapping - ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): ARP is a protocol used to map an IP address to a physical or MAC address on a local network. It allows devices to determine the MAC address associated with a specific IP address to facilitate communication within the network.
6. IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol): IGMP is a network-layer protocol used by hosts and adjacent routers to establish multicast group memberships on an IP network. It enables devices to join or leave specific multicast groups to receive multicast traffic efficiently.
7. NAT (Network Address Translation) and PAT (Port Address Translation): NAT and PAT are techniques used to map multiple private IP addresses to a single public IP address for communication over the Internet. NAT translates the IP addresses while PAT additionally translates the port numbers to allow multiple devices to share a single IP address.
8. MAC Address: MAC (Media Access Control) Address is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) by the manufacturer. It is composed of six bytes and is used at the Data Link Layer of the OSI model to uniquely identify devices within a network.
9. Data Link Layer protocols: Data Link Layer protocols are a set of rules and procedures that govern the communication between devices on the same physical network. They provide a means for devices to access the physical medium, control data flow, and detect and correct errors. Examples include Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).