Lichens play a crucial role in establishing a new ecosystem after an extreme disturbance like a volcanic eruption or wildfire. Firstly, lichens are one of the first organisms to colonize bare rock or soil, as they can grow without the need for nutrient-rich substrates. Their ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere enhances soil fertility, creating an environment conducive for other plants to grow. Secondly, lichens provide a source of food and habitat for various organisms such as insects, birds, and small mammals, initiating the food chain and aiding in biodiversity recovery. Lastly, lichens are highly efficient in absorbing and retaining moisture, preventing erosion and soil loss, which helps stabilize the ecosystem and prevent further degradation.
