What did Catherine the Great do to expand Russia
Catherine the Great, who ruled as Empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796, implemented various policies and reforms that significantly expanded the territory and influence of Russia. Here are some of the notable actions she took:
1. Partition of Poland: Catherine played a key role in the partition of Poland, a series of territorial divisions that resulted in Russia gaining significant portions of Polish territory. In 1772, 1793, and 1795, Poland was divided among Russia, Prussia, and Austria, with Russia obtaining the largest share.
2. Annexation of Crimea: Catherine launched two military campaigns against the Crimean Khanate in 1783, resulting in its annexation by Russia. This expansion provided Russia with a crucial naval base and extended its influence in the Black Sea region.
3. Wars against the Ottoman Empire: Catherine initiated and actively participated in several wars against the Ottoman Empire, including the Russo-Turkish wars of 1768-1774 and 1787-1791. As a result, Russia gained territory in the Black Sea region, including the strategically important port cities of Ochakov and Sevastopol.
4. Expansion into the Caucasus: Catherine successfully expanded Russian control into the Caucasus region, particularly Georgia and Azerbaijan. This expansion was partly achieved through military campaigns and the effective use of diplomacy.
5. Encouragement of colonization and settlement: Catherine encouraged the colonization and settlement of Russian territories, particularly in the newly acquired lands. This policy led to a significant influx of Russian migrants and the establishment of new towns and agricultural settlements.
6. Strengthening of bureaucracy and governance: Catherine implemented administrative reforms to strengthen the central bureaucracy and enhance governance in the expanding territories. She introduced the provincial administration system, reformed the legal system, and established educational institutions.
7. Cultural patronage and Enlightenment ideals: Catherine promoted cultural patronage and embraced Enlightenment ideals. She supported the arts, literature, and science, brought Western ideas and cultural trends to Russia, and established the Smolny Institute and the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg.
Overall, Catherine the Great's reign witnessed significant territorial expansion, consolidating Russia as a major European power and extending its influence in Eastern Europe and the Black Sea region.