What technological advancements were created by Indus and Egypt civilization?
The Indus Valley Civilization and Ancient Egypt both made significant technological advancements during their respective time periods.
Indus Valley Civilization:
1. Urban Planning: The cities of the Indus Valley, such as Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, were meticulously planned, with grid-like street layouts, fortified citadels, and advanced drainage systems. They had well-constructed houses, public buildings, and water supply and sanitation systems.
2. Sewage Systems: The cities of the Indus Valley had highly advanced and sophisticated sewage systems. They created a network of sewers and covered drains that efficiently carried away waste and maintained cleanliness.
3. Brick-Making: The Indus Valley Civilization developed brick-making techniques, producing uniform and standardized bricks. They used these bricks extensively in their construction projects, creating durable structures.
4. Pottery: The Indus Valley people were skilled in pottery making, creating intricate and finely crafted pottery objects. They used pottery for storage, cooking, and religious and decorative purposes.
5. Agricultural Technology: The Indus Valley Civilization had advanced agricultural techniques, including irrigation systems for cultivating crops. They built canals and dams to divert water from rivers to the fields, ensuring a stable and productive farming system.
Ancient Egypt:
1. Written Language: The Egyptians developed hieroglyphics, one of the earliest systems of writing. This allowed them to record and communicate information effectively.
2. Construction Techniques: Egyptians mastered the construction of monumental buildings, such as the pyramids, using advanced techniques. They employed the use of ramps, pulleys, and levers to move heavy stones and built structures that have withstood the test of time.
3. Mathematics and Astronomy: Ancient Egyptians made notable advancements in mathematics, using geometry to survey land, calculate areas, and construct buildings. They also had a good understanding of astronomy, tracking the movements of celestial bodies and developing a calendar based on astronomical observations.
4. Medical Knowledge: Egyptians had a reasonably advanced understanding of medicine. They developed surgical techniques, performed successful surgeries, and had knowledge of herbal remedies for treating various ailments.
5. Paper-like Material: Egyptians invented papyrus, a paper-like material made from the papyrus plant. They used it for writing, creating scrolls and documents, which greatly facilitated record-keeping and dissemination of knowledge.
It's important to note that the extent of technological advancements in these civilizations is subject to ongoing archaeological research, and there may be further discoveries and debates around specific advancements.