QUESTION 2 (25 marks)
a. Explain the meaning of the term organisational behavior. (7 marks) ACCORDING TO (ROBINS, 1986:6)
b. Describe three distinct developments in the history of management thought that have contributed, in an important way, to the current understanding of organisational behaviour. (18 marks)
a. Organizational behavior refers to the study of how individuals and groups within an organization behave, interact, and function. It explores the influence of various factors, such as leadership, communication, power, motivation, and culture, on individual and group behavior within an organizational context. Organizational behavior seeks to understand, predict, and manage human behavior to improve overall organizational effectiveness and productivity.
b. Three distinct developments in the history of management thought that have contributed to the understanding of organizational behavior are:
1. Classical Management Theory: This development took place during the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was spearheaded by theorists like Frederick Taylor and Henri Fayol. They focused on improving efficiency and productivity through principles of scientific management and administrative management. The emphasis was on hierarchical structures, division of labor, standardized procedures, and top-down decision-making. This thinking influenced the understanding of organizational behavior by highlighting the importance of organizational structure, job design, and the role of management in achieving organizational objectives.
2. Human Relations Movement: Emerging in the 1930s as a reaction to the limitations of classical management theory, the human relations movement emphasized the importance of human behavior and social interactions in the workplace. Pioneered by Elton Mayo and his colleagues at the Hawthorne Studies, this perspective highlighted the impact of factors such as employee satisfaction, motivation, and group dynamics on individual and organizational performance. It recognized the significance of employee attitudes and social relationships, which contributed to a deeper understanding of organizational behavior beyond mechanical efficiency.
3. Systems Theory: Developed in the mid-20th century, systems theory shifted focus to viewing organizations as complex systems of interrelated parts. This approach emphasized the interdependence and interactions between various elements within an organization, such as individuals, groups, departments, and external environments. It recognized the dynamic nature of organizations and the need to consider multiple variables and influences in studying organizational behavior. Systems theory highlighted the importance of feedback loops, adaptation, and open communication for effective functioning of organizations. This holistic perspective added depth to the understanding of organizational behavior by considering the interconnectedness of various factors and their impact on overall organizational performance.