Raymond Ibrahim argues that Europe was saved from Islam due to several factors. Firstly, the seat of Orthodox Christianity moved to Russia, which served as a barrier against Islamic expansion. Additionally, the defeats suffered by Muslims in the 700s prevented them from successfully invading Europe. The introduction of cannons also played a crucial role in stopping Muslim forces from entering Europe. Lastly, Ibrahim highlights that four other significant centers of Christianity were already under Islamic control, further preventing their expansion into Europe.
