Consider the following short scenario, then answer all of the questions based on this scenario:
South Africa has a national soccer, cricket and rugby team representing the country in a variety of
tournaments every year. The sports administrators need an application that will assist them in the
administration of the various sports teams.
Q.1.1 Identify and differentiate between the two programming models or paradigms
that will be considered for the development effort. Substantiate your answer with
examples related to the development of the application required by the sports
administrators.
(8)
Q.1.2 Explain how you will ensure that the application you develop will function as
intended before delivering it to the client.
(4)
Q.1.3 Name one tool that you can use to plan the logic for the application to be
developed for the sports administrators.
(1)
Q.1.4 Provide an example that will satisfy each of the following requirements.
Q.1.4.1 Provide an example of a variable declaration that will store the number
of leave days applied for by a team player.
(1)
Q.1.4.2 Assume that the standard rate for a player (in any of the teams) is
R75 000 a game. Write down the mathematical expression that will
determine the salary for a player based on the number of matches
played in a given month. The number of matches will be stored in a
variable called “Matches”.
(2)
Q.1.4.3 Provide an example of a hierarchy chart that will indicate the following
modules as forming part of the application to be developed:
• login( )
• schedulePlayer( )
• approveLeave( )
• determineSalary( )
(6)
Q.1.4.4 State how you will write following statement as a comment in the
application.
Calculate the player’s salary
Q.1.1: The two programming models that could be considered for the development of the application are procedural programming and object-oriented programming.
- Procedural programming is a programming paradigm that involves breaking the program down into smaller, structured procedures or functions that are executed in a sequential manner. In the case of the application for sports administrators, procedural programming could be used to create separate procedures for tasks such as managing player profiles, scheduling matches, and calculating salaries.
Example: In procedural programming, you could have a separate procedure for each task, such as "managePlayerProfiles", "scheduleMatches", and "calculateSalaries". Each procedure would have a specific set of instructions to perform its respective task.
- Object-oriented programming, on the other hand, is a programming paradigm that focuses on creating objects, which are instances of classes that encapsulate data and behavior. In the case of the application for sports administrators, object-oriented programming could be used to create classes for entities such as players, matches, and teams, with their own properties and methods.
Example: In object-oriented programming, you could have a Player class with properties like "name", "position", and "matchesPlayed", and methods like "applyForLeave" and "calculateSalary".
Q.1.2: To ensure that the application functions as intended before delivering it to the client, several testing and quality assurance measures can be taken. These include:
- Unit testing: Individual components or functions of the application can be tested in isolation to ensure they function correctly.
- Integration testing: The application can be tested as a whole to verify that different components work together seamlessly.
- Functional testing: Test scenarios can be created to verify that the application meets the required functionalities specified by the client.
- User acceptance testing: The application can be tested by users or representatives of the client to ensure it meets their expectations and requirements.
- Code reviews: The code can be reviewed by other developers to identify any bugs, errors, or areas for improvement.
- Performance testing: The application can be tested under various load conditions to ensure it performs efficiently and meets performance requirements.
Q.1.3: One tool that can be used to plan the logic for the application is a flowchart. A flowchart is a graphical representation of the steps or flow of a process or program. It can visually outline the logical sequence of operations and decision points in the application.
Q.1.4.1: Example of a variable declaration to store the number of leave days applied for by a team player:
int leaveDays;
Q.1.4.2: Mathematical expression to determine a player's salary based on the number of matches played in a given month:
salary = Matches * 75000;
Q.1.4.3: Example of a hierarchy chart indicating the modules forming part of the application:
- login( )
- schedulePlayer( )
- approveLeave( )
- determineSalary( )
Q.1.4.4: To write the statement "Calculate the player's salary" as a comment in the application, you can use the "//" or "/* ... */" syntax to indicate that it is a comment.
Example:
// Calculate the player's salary
Q.1.1 Identify and differentiate between the two programming models or paradigms that will be considered for the development effort. Substantiate your answer with examples related to the development of the application required by the sports administrators.
There are two programming models or paradigms that can be considered for the development effort of the application required by the sports administrators: procedural programming and object-oriented programming.
1. Procedural programming: This programming paradigm focuses on writing procedures or functions that perform specific tasks. It follows a step-by-step approach, where each procedure gets executed in a specific order to achieve a desired outcome. In the case of the sports administration application, the developers can create separate procedures for tasks like player registration, scheduling games, approving leave requests, and salary calculations. These procedures will be executed in a sequential manner to ensure the smooth functioning of the application.
Example: A procedural approach would involve creating different functions to handle specific tasks, such as:
- RegisterPlayer(): This function would handle the registration of a new player, collecting their personal details and adding them to the system.
- ScheduleGames(): This function would take care of scheduling upcoming games for the teams, considering factors like opponent, venue, and available players.
- ApproveLeaveRequest(): This function would handle leave requests from players, checking their eligibility, and updating the leave status accordingly.
- CalculateSalary(): This function would determine the salary of players based on various factors, such as the number of matches played and bonuses earned.
2. Object-oriented programming: This programming paradigm focuses on creating objects, which are instances of classes containing both data and functionality. It allows for encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. In the case of the sports administration application, the developers can create classes like Player, Game, Team, and Administrator, each with its own attributes and methods. These classes will interact with each other to achieve the desired functionality.
Example: An object-oriented approach would involve creating classes, such as:
- Player class: This class would have attributes like name, age, position, and methods like applyForLeave(), calculateSalary(), and viewSchedule().
- Game class: This class would have attributes like date, venue, opponent, and methods like scheduleGame() and updateGameStats().
- Team class: This class would represent a team and have attributes like players, coach, and methods like addPlayer(), removePlayer(), and viewTeamStats().
- Administrator class: This class would have methods like login(), approveLeaveRequest(), and generateReports().
Q.1.2 Explain how you will ensure that the application you develop will function as intended before delivering it to the client.
To ensure that the application functions as intended before delivering it to the client, the following steps can be taken:
1. Testing: The application should undergo thorough testing using different test cases to identify and fix any functional or logical errors. Various types of testing, such as unit testing, integration testing, and system testing, can be conducted to ensure the application's reliability and correctness.
2. User Acceptance Testing (UAT): Once the development team verifies the application's functionality, it should be handed over to the client for UAT. The client should run the application in their environment, using their data and scenarios, to check if it meets their specific requirements and works as expected.
3. Bug fixing: During the testing and UAT phases, any encountered bugs, glitches, or issues should be reported, documented, and fixed promptly. The development team should collaborate with the client to identify and resolve these issues to ensure a smooth user experience.
4. Documentation: Thorough documentation should be created, including user manuals, technical guides, and FAQs, which provide clear instructions on how to operate the application, troubleshoot common issues, and get the most out of its features.
5. Quality Assurance: An independent quality assurance team can review the application to ensure that it meets the defined standards and that all the required functionalities are implemented correctly.
Q.1.3 Name one tool that you can use to plan the logic for the application to be developed for the sports administrators.
One tool that can be used to plan the logic for the application to be developed for the sports administrators is a flowchart. A flowchart is a graphical representation that uses different shapes and arrows to outline the logical flow of the program. It helps visualize the sequence of steps, decision points, and actions that need to be performed in the application.
Flowcharting tools like Microsoft Visio, Lucidchart, or draw.io can be used to create flowcharts. They provide an easy-to-use interface to drag and drop different shapes and connectors, allowing developers to visualize the application's logic and structure before implementing it.
Q.1.4 Provide an example that will satisfy each of the following requirements.
Q.1.4.1 Provide an example of a variable declaration that will store the number of leave days applied for by a team player.
Example:
int leaveDaysApplied;
In the above example, "leaveDaysApplied" is a variable declaration of type "int" (integer) that will store the number of leave days applied for by a team player.
Q.1.4.2 Assume that the standard rate for a player (in any of the teams) is R75 000 a game. Write down the mathematical expression that will determine the salary for a player based on the number of matches played in a given month. The number of matches will be stored in a variable called “Matches”.
Mathematical Expression:
salary = standardRate * Matches;
In the above example, "salary" is the variable that will store the calculated salary of the player. "standardRate" is a constant value of R75,000 per game. "Matches" is the variable that will store the number of matches played by the player in a given month. The mathematical expression multiplies the standard rate by the number of matches to calculate the salary.
Q.1.4.3 Provide an example of a hierarchy chart that will indicate the following modules as forming part of the application to be developed:
- login()
- schedulePlayer()
- approveLeave()
- determineSalary()
Example Hierarchy Chart:
- Main Module
- login()
- schedulePlayer()
- approveLeave()
- determineSalary()
In the above example, the main module represents the entry point of the application. It includes four sub-modules: "login()", "schedulePlayer()", "approveLeave()", and "determineSalary()". These sub-modules are connected to the main module and depict the logical flow of the application.
Q.1.4.4 State how you will write the following statement as a comment in the application:
"Calculate the player’s salary"
To write the statement as a comment in the application, you can use a programming language's comment syntax. Depending on the programming language used for developing the application, the comment syntax may vary. Below are examples of comment syntax in different programming languages:
- C++/Java:
// Calculate the player's salary
- Python:
# Calculate the player's salary
- JavaScript:
// Calculate the player's salary
In the above examples, "//" and "#" denote single-line comments in different programming languages. The provided statement is written after the comment syntax, which ensures that the statement doesn't affect the execution of the program but provides additional information to developers who read the code.
Q.1.1: The two programming models that can be considered for the development effort in this scenario are procedural programming and object-oriented programming.
- Procedural programming involves breaking down the application into a set of procedures or functions that perform specific tasks. These procedures can be reused and called whenever needed. An example of using procedural programming in this scenario would be to have separate functions for tasks like player registration, match scheduling, and leave application processing.
- Object-oriented programming, on the other hand, focuses on modeling the application as a collection of objects that interact with each other. Each object has its own data and behavior, and data hiding and encapsulation are key concepts. In this scenario, creating classes for Team, Player, Match, and Leave, and defining their relationships and behaviors would be an example of using object-oriented programming.
Q.1.2: To ensure that the application functions as intended before delivering it to the client, several testing methods can be employed:
- Unit testing: Each individual module or component of the application should be tested independently to ensure it performs as expected.
- Integration testing: Once the individual modules have been tested, they need to be combined and tested together to ensure proper interaction and functionality.
- System testing: The entire application should be tested in a real-world environment to verify its functionality, performance, and usability.
- User acceptance testing: The application should be tested by the client or end-users to ensure it meets their requirements and expectations.
Additionally, thorough documentation and user manuals should be provided to guide the client in using and understanding the application.
Q.1.3: One tool that can be used to plan the logic for the application is a flowchart. A flowchart is a graphical representation of the logical steps and decisions involved in a process. It helps in visualizing the workflow of the application, identifying potential issues or bottlenecks, and planning the program's structure.
Q.1.4.1: Example of a variable declaration to store the number of leave days applied for by a team player:
```python
int leaveDays;
```
Q.1.4.2: Mathematical expression to determine the salary for a player based on the number of matches played in a given month:
```python
salary = Matches * 75000;
```
Q.1.4.3: Example hierarchy chart indicating modules forming part of the application:
```
application
/ \
login() schedulePlayer()
| |
approveLeave() determineSalary()
```
Q.1.4.4: Writing the statement "Calculate the player's salary" as a comment in the application:
```python
# Calculate the player's salary
```