A mixture of benzoic acid, aniline and phenol is dissolved in chloroform and the solution is treated with sodium hydroxide, dilute hydrochloric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate. Show a separation chart, identify the composition of each phase and explain the chemistry of the separation process.

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Did you know that benzoic acid, aniline, and phenol, when mixed together, can undergo a separation process using various chemicals? In this process, the mixture is dissolved in chloroform and then treated with sodium hydroxide, dilute hydrochloric acid, and sodium hydrogen carbonate. The separation chart helps in identifying the composition of each phase. The addition of sodium hydroxide helps to convert benzoic acid into its sodium salt, which is water-soluble and forms a separate aqueous phase. The remaining organic phase contains aniline and phenol. Next, the addition of dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with aniline to form aniline hydrochloride, which is water-soluble. This results in the formation of a new aqueous phase, leaving phenol in the organic phase. Finally, the addition of sodium hydrogen carbonate helps in extracting phenol from the organic phase by converting it into phenol sodium salt, which is water-soluble, therefore forming a separate aqueous phase. This separation process is based on the difference in solubility and reactivity of the components. It enables a more focused study of the individual components and their properties.