Intravenous infusions of sodium bicarbonate are often given to acidotic patients to correct acidosis and relieve the strain of rapid breathing. Explain why bicarbonate is helpful in this situation. What would happen if too much bicarbonate were given? Explain.
Sodium bicarbonate, also known as baking soda, is helpful in correcting acidosis because it acts as a buffer in the body. Acidosis occurs when there is an excess of acid in the blood, leading to a decrease in the blood's pH levels. In this situation, rapid breathing occurs as the body tries to get rid of excess carbon dioxide (CO2), which is produced during cellular metabolism and can contribute to acidity.
When sodium bicarbonate is infused intravenously, it dissociates into bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and sodium ions (Na+). Bicarbonate ions act as a pH buffer by combining with excess hydrogen ions (H+) in the blood to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). This carbonic acid then quickly breaks down into water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2), which can be eliminated by the lungs through exhalation.
The bicarbonate infusion helps to restore the blood's pH balance by neutralizing excess acid and reducing the strain on the body's compensatory mechanisms. It alleviates the need for rapid breathing, as the excess carbon dioxide is eliminated more efficiently.
However, if too much bicarbonate is given, it can lead to a condition called metabolic alkalosis. Metabolic alkalosis occurs when there is an excessive increase in the blood's pH levels, making it more alkaline.
If an excessive amount of bicarbonate is administered, the pH of the blood can be elevated beyond the normal range. This can disrupt the delicate acid-base balance in the body and lead to various complications. The symptoms of metabolic alkalosis may include confusion, muscle twitching, nausea, vomiting, numbness or tingling sensations, and even seizures.
Therefore, it is crucial to carefully monitor the dosage of bicarbonate given to prevent the overcorrection of acidosis and the development of metabolic alkalosis. Medical professionals need to assess the patient's blood pH levels regularly and adjust the dosing accordingly to avoid potential problems.