Study the following components organelles in details
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Plasma membrane
Cell wall the references behind
Nucleus: The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the genetic material of the cell in the form of DNA. It is responsible for controlling the cell's activities, including the regulation of gene expression and the replication of DNA. The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope, which contains pores that allow for the passage of molecules in and out of the nucleus. Inside the nucleus is the nucleolus, which is involved in the production of ribosomes.
Reference:
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002. Section 5.2, The Nucleus Contains the Cell's Genetic Material.
Mitochondria: Mitochondria are organelles responsible for producing energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through the process of cellular respiration. They have a double membrane structure, with an outer membrane and an inner membrane that is highly folded into structures called cristae. The space inside the inner membrane is called the matrix and contains enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain, which are essential for ATP production.
Reference:
Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Section 16.3, Mitochondria: The Powerhouses of the Cell.
Chloroplast: Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and some algae that are responsible for photosynthesis, the process by which sunlight is converted into energy-rich molecules such as glucose. Chloroplasts have a double membrane structure, with an internal membrane system called thylakoids that contain chlorophyll, the pigment that captures light energy. The space inside the thylakoids is called the stroma, which contains enzymes involved in the Calvin cycle, the second stage of photosynthesis.
Reference:
Taiz L, Zeiger E. Plant Physiology. 3rd edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2002. Section 7.5, The Chloroplast: Site of Photosynthesis.
Plasma membrane: The plasma membrane, also known as the cell membrane, is a phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell and separates its internal environment from the external environment. It is selectively permeable, allowing only certain molecules to pass through it, and is responsible for maintaining the cell's integrity and regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Reference:
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002. Section 10.1, The Lipid Bilayer.
Cell wall: The cell wall is a rigid structure found in plants, fungi, algae, and some bacteria that surrounds the plasma membrane and provides support and protection to the cell. It is primarily composed of cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, and peptidoglycan in bacteria. The cell wall helps maintain the cell's shape, prevents it from bursting due to osmotic pressure, and provides resistance to physical and mechanical stress.
Reference:
Raven PH, Evert RF, Eichhorn SE. Biology of Plants. 8th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2005. Chapter 6, Cell Walls.