1 what is mean by hypertonic, isotonic and hypotonic solution.
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Hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic are terms used to describe the concentration of solutes in a solution when compared to another solution or a cell. These terms are commonly used in biology and physiology. Let's break down each term:
1. Hypertonic solution: A hypertonic solution refers to a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes (dissolved substances) compared to another solution or a cell. In this context, the solutes can be salts, sugars, or other molecules. When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the concentration of solutes outside the cell becomes higher than inside the cell. As a result, water molecules move out of the cell through osmosis, causing the cell to shrink or become dehydrated.
2. Isotonic solution: An isotonic solution refers to a solution that has the same concentration of solutes as another solution or a cell. In an isotonic solution, the concentration of solutes inside the cell is equal to the concentration of solutes outside the cell. When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, there is no net movement of water across the cell membrane, resulting in no change in cell size.
3. Hypotonic solution: A hypotonic solution refers to a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution or a cell. When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the concentration of solutes outside the cell becomes lower than inside the cell. This causes water molecules to move into the cell through osmosis, leading to cell swelling or even bursting, particularly in cells without a strong cell wall (such as animal cells).
To determine whether a solution is hypertonic, isotonic, or hypotonic, you need to compare the concentrations of solutes in two solutions or a solution and a cell. You can measure the concentration of solutes using techniques like spectrophotometry, titration, or conductivity measurement. Alternatively, you can use biological indicators, such as the response of cells to different solutions, to determine the tonicity of a solution.