Describe the major principles in classical and operant conditioning?
What are the similarities and difrences between the two?
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are two major theories of learning in psychology.
Classical conditioning, developed by Ivan Pavlov, involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring stimulus in order to create a learned response. For example, Pavlov famously conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell by repeatedly pairing the bell with the presentation of food.
Operant conditioning, developed by B.F. Skinner, involves learning through reinforcement and punishment. In operant conditioning, behaviors are strengthened through positive reinforcement (reward) or negative reinforcement (removal of an aversive stimulus), and weakened through punishment.
Both classical and operant conditioning involve learning through associations, and both play a crucial role in shaping behavior. However, there are also key differences between the two theories.
One major difference is the role of the learner in each theory. In classical conditioning, the learner is passive and simply responds to stimuli in the environment, while in operant conditioning, the learner is actively engaged in seeking out rewards and avoiding punishments.
Another difference is the timing of the reinforcement. In classical conditioning, the reinforcement (food) is presented regardless of the dog's behavior, while in operant conditioning, the reinforcement is contingent on the behavior (such as pressing a lever).
Overall, classical conditioning is more about forming associations between stimuli, while operant conditioning is more about shaping behavior through consequences.