1.describe the 2 major principles in classical and operant conditioning. what are the similarities and differences between the two
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are two major principles in the field of psychology that explain how learning takes place through associations and consequences.
In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is paired with a meaningful stimulus in order to elicit a certain response. This type of learning involves forming associations between stimuli. For example, in the famous experiment by Ivan Pavlov, a dog would salivate at the sound of a bell because it had been repeatedly paired with the presentation of food.
On the other hand, operant conditioning involves learning through consequences, specifically reinforcement and punishment. Behaviors are either strengthened or weakened based on the consequences that follow them. For example, if a rat is rewarded with food for pressing a lever, it is more likely to continue pressing the lever in the future.
Similarities between classical and operant conditioning include the idea that both principles involve learning through association and that both can be used to modify and shape behavior. Additionally, both principles rely on reinforcement to strengthen behavior.
Differences between the two principles include the fact that classical conditioning involves involuntary responses to stimuli, while operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors that are influenced by consequences. In classical conditioning, the association is between two stimuli, while in operant conditioning, the association is between a behavior and its consequences. Additionally, classical conditioning focuses on forming associations between stimuli, whereas operant conditioning focuses on learning through consequences.