Indicate four factors that can trigger spectator aggression in sports
1. Rivalry between teams or players: Intense competition and history of rivalry between teams or players can lead to heightened emotions and aggression among spectators.
2. Controversial or contentious calls by officials: Refereeing decisions that are perceived as unfair or biased can provoke anger and frustration among spectators, potentially leading to aggressive behavior.
3. Alcohol consumption: Excessive drinking can lower inhibitions and impair judgment, increasing the likelihood of aggressive behavior among spectators.
4. Crowd dynamics: Large crowds can create a sense of anonymity and deindividuation, making individuals more likely to engage in aggressive or violent behavior. Additionally, the presence of a small group of instigators can escalate tensions and incite aggression among the larger crowd.