Compare and contrast the treatment of different religions by rulers of Arab empire.
The treatment of different religions by rulers of Arab empires varied based on the specific ruler, the time period, and the specific religious group in question. However, some general trends can be observed when comparing and contrasting the treatment of different religions by Arab rulers.
During the early years of the Arab empire, particularly under the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties, there was generally a policy of tolerance towards non-Muslims. This was exemplified by the concept of dhimma, which granted certain rights and protections to non-Muslims living under Muslim rule. Christians and Jews, in particular, were considered "People of the Book" and were allowed to practice their religion, own property, and participate in society, albeit with certain restrictions and taxes.
In contrast, the treatment of non-Abrahamic religions, such as Zoroastrianism or polytheistic religions, was generally less favorable. These religions were often viewed as idolatrous or heretical, and their followers faced greater discrimination and restrictions.
However, there were exceptions to these general trends. For example, some Arab rulers, such as the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun, were known for their tolerance and support of religious diversity. Al-Ma'mun famously established the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, which served as a center for the translation and preservation of knowledge from various cultures and religions.
Overall, while there were periods of relative tolerance and acceptance of different religions within the Arab empire, there were also instances of persecution and discrimination, particularly towards non-Abrahamic religions. The treatment of different religious groups varied depending on the specific ruler and context, but the general trend was towards tolerance for "People of the Book" and less favorable treatment for non-Abrahamic religions.