Writers can build their characters using either direct or indirect characterization. Direct characterization is when the reader is told directly by a character in the novel, or the narrator, what traits they possess.
For example, a character may be described as brave, kind, or intelligent through direct characterization.
On the other hand, indirect characterization is when the reader must infer a character's traits based on their actions, thoughts, and interactions with others. This can include dialogue, gestures, reactions, and decisions made by the character throughout the story.
Both direct and indirect characterization are important tools for writers to use in developing well-rounded and complex characters that feel real to the reader. By using a combination of both techniques, writers can create characters that are dynamic and engaging, with depth and complexity that make them compelling and relatable to readers.