Explain fixed ratio with elaborated example
Fixed ratio is a type of reinforcement schedule in operant conditioning where a specific number of responses must occur before a reinforcer is delivered. This means that reinforcement is only given after a fixed number of desired responses.
For example, let's say that a teacher is using a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule in a classroom setting. The teacher decides to reinforce students with a sticker every time they correctly answer 5 math problems. In this scenario, the reinforcement (the sticker) is only given after every 5 correct responses.
So, if a student answers the first problem correctly, they do not receive a sticker. They must answer a total of 5 correct problems before receiving the sticker. Once they have answered the 5th problem correctly, they are immediately given the sticker as reinforcement.
Fixed ratio schedules are effective in encouraging consistent and steady responding, as individuals know exactly how many responses are needed to receive reinforcement. However, they can also lead to a post-reinforcement pause where individuals may take a break from responding after receiving the reinforcement, as they know they need to start over with the fixed ratio requirement again.