cardinal symptoms of MI
The cardinal symptoms of myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, are:
1. Chest pain or discomfort: The most common symptom of MI is a feeling of pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain in the chest that can radiate to the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back. It is often described as a heavy weight or a tight band around the chest. The pain can be intense and can last for several minutes or longer.
2. Shortness of breath: People experiencing a heart attack may have difficulty breathing or feel short of breath. This can be accompanied by a sensation of suffocation or choking.
3. Fatigue: Feeling extremely tired or exhausted even with minimal physical activity can be a symptom of MI. This fatigue can be severe and may persist even after rest or sleep.
4. Sweating: Profuse sweating, especially without any apparent reason such as exercise or heat, can be a sign of MI. The sweat may be cold, clammy, or drenching.
5. Nausea and vomiting: Some individuals having a heart attack experience nausea, vomiting, and an upset stomach. These symptoms may be accompanied by abdominal discomfort or indigestion.
It is important to note that the presentation of MI symptoms can vary among individuals, and some people may not experience any symptoms at all. Furthermore, women, elderly individuals, and individuals with diabetes may exhibit different or atypical symptoms, such as shortness of breath, fatigue, or pain in the jaw or shoulder. If someone experiences these symptoms or suspects a heart attack, immediate medical attention should be sought.