what are the cardinal symptoms of COPD
The cardinal symptoms of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) include:
1. Shortness of breath (dyspnea): It is the most common and characteristic symptom of COPD. It is often initially noticed during physical activities and progressively worsens over time, even with minimal exertion.
2. Chronic cough: A persistent cough that produces mucus (sputum) is another cardinal symptom of COPD. The cough may be worse in the morning and can lead to frequent throat clearing.
3. Wheezing: Audible wheezing or a whistling sound when breathing occurs due to narrowing of the airways in the lungs. It may be more noticeable during exhalation.
4. Chest tightness: People with COPD may experience a feeling of tightness or heaviness in the chest due to the decreased ability of the lungs to expand fully.
Other symptoms that may also be present in COPD, but are not considered cardinal symptoms, include fatigue, unintentional weight loss, frequent respiratory infections, and reduced exercise tolerance. It is important to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of COPD.