One thing the doctrine of "separation of powers" is designed to prevent:
a. Congress from interfering with the judiciary
b. The President from abusing executive authority
c. States from challenging federal laws
d. All of the above
The doctrine of "separation of powers" is designed to prevent all three of the options mentioned above. It aims to maintain a system of checks and balances in which each branch of government has its own distinct powers and responsibilities, preventing any one branch from becoming too powerful and potentially abusing its authority.