Who were the moots and how did they affect Spain during their rule
The Moors were Muslim inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula during the period of Al-Andalus (Muslim rule in the region). They were primarily of Berber and Arab descent and arrived in Spain in the early 8th century.
The Moors had a significant impact on Spain during their rule, which lasted for over seven centuries until the completion of the Reconquista in 1492. Here are some ways in which they affected Spain:
1. Culture and knowledge: The Moors brought with them advanced knowledge in mathematics, science, medicine, and philosophy. They established great centers of learning, such as the University of Cordoba, where scholars from different religious and cultural backgrounds could freely exchange knowledge. This intellectual exchange significantly influenced Spanish scholarship, including architectural styles like the intricate geometric patterns seen in the famous Alhambra Palace.
2. Agriculture and irrigation: The Moors introduced new agricultural techniques, such as the qanat system of underground irrigation. They also introduced various crops, including oranges, lemons, rice, sugar cane, and cotton. These agricultural advancements transformed the landscape, and many of these crops remain essential to Spain's economy today.
3. Architecture: The Moors brought their distinctive architectural style to Spain, including the use of horseshoe arches, intricate geometric patterns, and the distinctive tiling known as azulejos. Many of their architectural accomplishments, like the Mezquita of Cordoba or the Alhambra Palace in Granada, are still admired for their beauty and influence.
4. Language and literature: The Moors contributed to the development of the Spanish language. They introduced Arabic words, expressions, and literary forms, which are still present in modern Spanish. Additionally, they translated and preserved numerous Greek, Roman, and Persian works, safeguarding them during a time when Europe faced a decline in learning and knowledge.
5. Coexistence and tolerance: Despite occasional conflicts, the period of Moorish rule in Spain was relatively marked by religious and cultural coexistence. Under the system known as "dhimma," Christians and Jews were protected and allowed to practice their religions, preserving their customs and traditions. This period is often associated with a view of religious tolerance, especially compared to the later Spanish Inquisition.
It is important to note that the impact of the Moors in Spain varied over time and across different regions. Nevertheless, their presence left a lasting legacy on the art, architecture, language, agriculture, and coexistence in the country.