1. In what ways did China prosper under the Song dynasty?
2. What problems did war with the Jurchen pose to the Song? What solutions did the Song
develop as a result?
3. What problems did war with the Jurchen pose to the Song? What solutions did the Song
develop as a result?
4. How do the challenges that the Southern Song faced with large migrations compare with
immigration issues the world faces today?
5. How did the expansion of markets lead to advances in education, agriculture, and the
production of iron and steel?
6. Why was it necessary to double crop yields in southern China after 1126? How did the
Chinese accomplish this?
7. How did the Koreans improve upon some of the technology they adopted from China?
8. What events in China may have caused Ngo Quyen to seek independence for Vietnam?
9. What are some of the major accomplishments of the Ly dynasty?
10. What were the official roles of the shogun and the emperor? What were their roles in
reality?
11. How did Japanese physiography influence the country’s religion, economy, and rise of the
daimyo?
12. In what ways were Japanese samurai similar to European knights? In what ways were
they different?
13. What is one example of a culture adapting and improving upon an idea or technology from
China?
14. In what way is the chinoiserie style different from other adaptations of Chinese culture?
1. Under the Song dynasty, China experienced significant economic growth and prosperity. The government implemented economic reforms, such as the use of paper money, which facilitated trade and increased economic activity. This resulted in the growth of urban centers and the establishment of a wealthy merchant class. The Song period also saw advancements in agriculture, with the introduction of new crops, improved irrigation systems, and the use of iron tools, leading to increased agricultural productivity.
2. The Jurchen, a nomadic people from the north, invaded Song territory and eventually captured the capital, forcing the Song to retreat further south. This posed several problems for the Song, including the loss of territory and resources, disruption of trade routes, and the need to defend against further Jurchen incursions. To address these challenges, the Song developed defensive strategies, such as building fortified walls and adopting a defensive mindset rather than attempting to reconquer lost territory.
3. The war with the Jurchen posed similar challenges to the Song, including the loss of territory and disruption of trade. The Song also faced the issue of governing newly acquired territories with different ethnic populations. To address these problems, the Song appointed local administrators in the conquered regions, implemented policies to encourage assimilation and cultural exchange, and expanded the use of civil service examinations to select qualified officials for governing these territories.
4. The massive migrations faced by the Southern Song, as they retreated further south to escape the Jurchen, can be compared to immigration issues faced by countries today. Both scenarios involve large numbers of people moving to different regions, often with different languages and cultural practices. Additionally, both situations require governments to address issues of assimilation, integration, and the allocation of resources to accommodate the new population.
5. The expansion of markets during the Song dynasty led to advances in various areas. With increased trade, there was a demand for highly educated individuals who could facilitate commercial transactions, resulting in a growth of education. Additionally, the increase in wealth from trade allowed for investment in agricultural technologies and improvements, leading to increased food production. The increase in demand for goods also stimulated advancements in iron and steel production techniques to meet the growing needs of the market.
6. After 1126, the Southern Song faced the loss of fertile lands and disruption of agricultural production due to the invasion by the Jurchen. To offset this, the Chinese implemented various measures to double crop yields, including the introduction of fast-ripening rice varieties, labor-intensive cultivation techniques, and the development of advanced irrigation systems. These measures aimed to increase agricultural productivity to support the growing population and compensate for the loss of fertile land.
7. The Koreans improved upon the technology they adopted from China by developing their own innovations and modifications. For example, they made advancements in ceramic production, creating unique techniques and styles, such as celadon pottery. The Koreans also enhanced their knowledge and techniques in metalworking, agriculture, and shipbuilding, adapting and improving upon Chinese practices to suit their needs and environment.
8. Ngo Quyen, a Vietnamese general, sought independence from China due to various events in China, such as internal conflicts and erosion of central authority. The collapse of the Tang dynasty and subsequent political instability in China weakened its control over Vietnam. Ngo Quyen saw an opportunity to achieve independence and establish his own rule, taking advantage of the weakened Chinese influence.
9. The Ly dynasty in Vietnam achieved significant accomplishments during its reign. They successfully repelled multiple invasions from neighboring states, such as the Song dynasty in China and the Champa kingdom. The Ly dynasty also made advancements in government administration, introducing the "Three Deserving and Nine Meritorious" system to reward and promote capable officials. Furthermore, the Ly dynasty promoted Confucianism and the Chinese examination system, which led to the development of a highly educated bureaucracy.
10. The shogun in Japan held the official role of a military commander, responsible for protecting the emperor and governing the country. In reality, however, the shogun often held significant political power and acted as the de facto ruler, while the emperor played a more ceremonial and symbolic role. The emperor's power was largely limited to religious and cultural matters, whereas the shogun held control over the government and military.
11. Japanese physiography, which refers to the country's geographical features, had several influences on Japan. The mountainous terrain limited arable land, leading to a reliance on rice cultivation and the development of terrace farming techniques. This agricultural focus, along with the presence of natural resources like timber and fish, shaped the economy of Japan. The rugged landscape also contributed to the decentralization of power, allowing regional lords known as daimyo to gain influence and become significant political players.
12. Samurai in Japan were similar to European knights in terms of their role as warriors and their loyalty to a lord or daimyo. Both knights and samurai adhered to codes of conduct, such as chivalry and bushido, respectively. However, there were also differences between the two. Samurai were typically trained in martial arts from a young age, emphasizing disciplined combat skills. Samurai had a more centralized and hierarchical structure compared to the often more independent and individualistic knights. Additionally, feudal society in Japan was more rigidly structured, with samurai belonging to a distinct social class, while European knights came from various social backgrounds.
13. One example of a culture adapting and improving upon an idea or technology from China is the Korean adaptation of movable metal type printing. While movable type printing was invented in China, the Koreans developed their own unique system, known as "Jikji," which improved upon the Chinese method. Jikji utilized bronze movable type, which was more durable and allowed for more precise printing. This Korean contribution to printing technology played a role in the advancement of printing practices worldwide.
14. Chinoiserie is a style of art and design that incorporates Chinese motifs and aesthetics. Unlike other adaptations of Chinese culture, which aimed for authenticity and accuracy, chinoiserie focuses on European interpretations and fantasies of Chinese culture. Chinoiserie often includes exaggerated and stylized depictions of Chinese elements, blending them with European artistic traditions. It emerged as a popular decorative style in 18th-century Europe, influenced by Chinese themes and the increased trade and contact with China.
What is the definition of these words?
1. Steppe
2. Ger
3. Khanate
4. Envoy
5. Omnipotence
6. Ghazi
7. Sultan
1. Steppe: A steppe is a vast, grassy, treeless plain, often found in Eurasia, that is characterized by dry and arid conditions. Steppes are typically home to nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoralist societies.
2. Ger: A ger, also known as a yurt, is a portable and traditional dwelling used by nomadic cultures in Central Asia, particularly Mongolia. It is typically circular in shape, with a collapsible wooden frame covered by felt or animal skins.
3. Khanate: A khanate refers to a political entity or territory ruled by a khan, who is a traditional title for a leader or ruler in Central Asia and the Mongol Empire. Khanates were often established by Mongol leaders or conquerors, and each khanate had its own regional authority.
4. Envoy: An envoy is a diplomat or representative sent by a government or ruler to another country or political entity to conduct negotiations, establish diplomatic relations, or convey messages and instructions on behalf of their home country.
5. Omnipotence: Omnipotence refers to the state or quality of being all-powerful or having unlimited power. It often denotes the ability to do anything and everything without any limitations or constraints.
6. Ghazi: Ghazi is an Arabic term that historically referred to a warrior or champion who fought for the cause of Islam or defended Muslim territories against non-Muslim enemies. It was particularly associated with the frontier battles or raids against non-Muslim empires or territories.
7. Sultan: Sultan is a title used in various Islamic states or empires, typically referring to a sovereign ruler or monarch. It is derived from the Arabic word "sultān," meaning "authority" or "ruler." Sultans were often the highest-ranking political leaders who exercised both political and military powers within their realms.
1. Who were the Mongols?
2. Why do you think the Mongols made Karakorum the capital of their empire?
3. Why do you think the Mongols made Karakorum the capital of their empire?
4. What happened after Mongke’s death?
5. Why did the Chinese feel like second-class citizens under Kublai Khan’s rule?
6. Why was it important to the Mongols to make sure the routes of the Silk Roads were
safe?
7. Why does Salopek express surprise that the caravanserai was conceived and built by
the Mongols?
8. According to Salopek, how has walking enhanced his experience as he travels across the
world?
9. How did the Yuan dynasty fall?
10. In what way are the Mongols, Marco Polo, and later European exploration connected?
11. How did Hongwu establish an efficient government?
12. Why do you think Yongle built the Imperial Palace?
13. What was Zheng’s first three expeditions? What was his final destination?
1. The Mongols were a nomadic people from Central Asia who, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, built an empire that became the largest contiguous land empire in history. They were skilled horsemen and proficient in warfare, using military tactics and strategies that allowed them to conquer vast territories across Asia, Europe, and the Middle East.
2. The Mongols made Karakorum the capital of their empire for several reasons. Firstly, it was centrally located within their dominions, making it a strategic point for administration and control. Additionally, Karakorum was situated along important trade routes, allowing the Mongols to maintain their economic dominance. Lastly, choosing Karakorum as the capital allowed the Mongols to showcase their power and prestige to the rest of the world.
3. The Mongols made Karakorum the capital of their empire for several reasons. Firstly, it was centrally located within their dominions, making it a strategic point for administration and control. Additionally, Karakorum was situated along important trade routes, allowing the Mongols to maintain their economic dominance. Lastly, choosing Karakorum as the capital allowed the Mongols to showcase their power and prestige to the rest of the world.
4. After Mongke Khan's death, a power struggle ensued among his relatives to claim the throne. This led to the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire into four main khanates, each ruled by a different descendant of Genghis Khan. These khanates were the Yuan dynasty in China, the Ilkhanate in the Middle East, the Golden Horde in Russia and Eastern Europe, and the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia.
5. The Chinese felt like second-class citizens under Kublai Khan's rule for several reasons. Firstly, Kublai Khan and his Mongol successors maintained a distinct separation between themselves and non-Mongol subjects. Chinese people were not allowed to hold high positions in the government or military, creating a sense of inequality. Additionally, the Mongols imposed heavy taxes on the Chinese population, leading to economic hardships and resentment.
6. It was important to the Mongols to ensure the safety of the Silk Roads because it was a crucial trade network that facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures across vast distances. By protecting the routes, the Mongols could maintain their position as a dominant force in the global trade network and benefit economically from the taxation and control of the lucrative trade.
7. Paul Salopek expresses surprise that the caravanserai was conceived and built by the Mongols because caravanserais were traditionally associated with the Silk Roads and the trading cultures of Central Asia, rather than the nomadic Mongols. The caravanserai served as a resting place and shelter for merchants and travelers along the Silk Roads, providing safety, accommodations, and opportunities for trade.
8. According to Paul Salopek, walking has enhanced his experience as he travels across the world by allowing him to connect more intimately with the landscapes, environments, and people he encounters along the journey. Walking at a slower pace allows for deeper observation, reflection, and engagement with the natural and cultural surroundings, creating a richer and more meaningful experience.
9. The Yuan dynasty fell due to a combination of internal strife, economic decline, and popular uprisings. Corruption and mismanagement within the government, along with the burden of heavy taxation, created discontent among the population. Additionally, the Yuan dynasty faced military conflicts and resistance from various ethnic and regional groups. The final blow came from the Red Turban Rebellion, a massive uprising led by the Han Chinese, which eventually overthrew the Mongol rule.
10. The Mongols, Marco Polo, and later European exploration are connected through their interactions and encounters during the Mongol Empire's expansion and the subsequent opening of trade routes. The Mongols facilitated increased contact and trade between Europe and Asia, allowing for cultural exchange and exploration. Marco Polo, an Italian explorer, famously traveled to China and served in the court of Kublai Khan, documenting his experiences. Polo's writings ignited European interest in Asia, leading to subsequent European exploration and the opening of new trade routes.
11. Hongwu, the founder of the Ming dynasty, established an efficient government through several measures. He centralized power and authority, diminishing the influence of the imperial bureaucracy and powerful eunuchs. He implemented agricultural reforms, encouraging land cultivation and improvement of irrigation systems. Hongwu also emphasized education and the reinstatement of the civil service examination system to select talented officials for government positions.
12. Yongle, the third emperor of the Ming dynasty, built the Imperial Palace (also known as the Forbidden City) as a symbol of imperial power and legitimacy. It served as the residence and administrative center for the emperors of China. Yongle relocated the capital to Beijing and constructed the grand palace complex to establish his authority and demonstrate the wealth, grandeur, and cultural accomplishments of the Ming dynasty.
13. Zheng He's first three expeditions were maritime voyages conducted by the Chinese eunuch admiral during the early 15th century. These expeditions aimed to establish diplomatic and commercial relationships, showcase the power of the Ming dynasty, and explore new trade routes. Zheng He's final destination on his expeditions was the western regions of the Indian Ocean, including major trading centers such as the Swahili Coast of East Africa.
What are these words defintion?
1. Griot
2. Lineage
3. Intermediary
4. Monopoly
5. Mansa
6. Caravan
7. Trans-Saharan trade network
8. Dhow
1. Griot: A griot is a traditional West African storyteller, historian, and musician who serves as a repository of oral traditions and cultural knowledge. Griots have historically been important figures in West African societies, passing down stories, genealogies, and cultural traditions from one generation to another.
2. Lineage: Lineage refers to a group of individuals who are related by common ancestry and can trace their descent through a specific lineage or family line. Lineages often form the basis of social organization and identity in many societies, particularly in African and Indigenous communities.
3. Intermediary: An intermediary is a person or entity that acts as a link or go-between in a transaction or relationship between two or more parties. They facilitate communication, negotiation, or exchange between others, often by providing a bridge between different groups or interests.
4. Monopoly: A monopoly is a situation where a single entity or individual has exclusive control or dominance over a particular market or industry. It means that there is no direct competition, allowing the dominant entity to set prices, control supply and demand, and limit access to others.
5. Mansa: Mansa is a title used in the Mandinka language, particularly in the West African empire of Mali. It was used to denote a ruler or king, specifically referring to the ruler of the Mali Empire during the 13th to 15th centuries.
6. Caravan: A caravan refers to a group of travelers, typically merchants or nomadic people, traveling together for protection, support, and mutual assistance. Caravans often journey across long distances, utilizing pack animals such as camels or horses to transport goods and supplies.
7. Trans-Saharan trade network: The Trans-Saharan trade network refers to a historic network of trade routes that spanned across the Sahara Desert, connecting regions of Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. It facilitated the exchange of goods, resources, and cultural influences between Sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa/Eurasia, including goods such as gold, salt, ivory, and enslaved people.
8. Dhow: A dhow is a traditional Arabian sailing vessel with one or more lateen sails. Dhows have been used for centuries for various purposes, including fishing, transportation, and trade along the coasts of the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea. They are often associated with Middle Eastern and Indian maritime cultures.
What is the definition of these words?
1. Terrace
2. Slash-and-burn agriculture
3. Geoglyph
4. Cenote
5. Earthworks
6. Codex
7. Chinampa
8. Maize
9. Mother culture
10. Compulsory education
11. Quipu
1. Terrace: A terrace is a leveled, flat platform or step-like structure built into the sloping sides of hills or mountains. Terraces are often created in agricultural contexts to prevent soil erosion, retain water, and create more suitable conditions for farming.
2. Slash-and-burn agriculture: Slash-and-burn agriculture, also known as swidden or shifting cultivation, is an agricultural practice in which vegetation is cut down and burned to clear land for cultivation. The ashes from the burned vegetation provide nutrients to the soil. After a period of use, the land is left fallow to regenerate, and the farmer moves on to another plot of land