References on the 10 investigative procedures of gastro intestinal system
1. Endoscopy: A diagnostic procedure that uses a flexible tube with a light and camera to examine the inside of the GI tract, including the esophagus, stomach, and upper small intestine. This procedure can help diagnose conditions such as ulcers, polyps, and cancer.
References:
- ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Anderson MA, Ben-Menachem T, et al. Management of antithrombotic agents for endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;70(6):1060-70. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2009.07.040
- Eisen GM, Baron TH, Dominitz JA, et al. Guideline for the management of anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy in patients undergoing endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;55(7):775-779. doi:10.1016/s0016-5107(02)70347-x
2. Colonoscopy: A procedure that allows the doctor to examine the colon and rectum. A long, flexible tube with a camera is inserted through the rectum to look for abnormalities such as polyps, inflammation, or cancer.
References:
- Rex DK, Boland CR, Dominitz JA, et al. Colorectal Cancer Screening: Recommendations for Physicians and Patients from the U.S. Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(7):1016-1030. doi:10.1038/ajg.2017.174
- Zauber AG, Winawer SJ, O'Brien MJ, et al. Colonoscopic polypectomy and long-term prevention of colorectal-cancer deaths. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(8):687-696. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1100370
3. Upper gastrointestinal series: The patient is asked to swallow a liquid containing barium, which coats the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. X-rays are taken to evaluate the upper GI tract for abnormalities such as tumors, ulcers, or strictures.
References:
- ACR Appropriateness Criteria® upper gastrointestinal bleeding. ACR website. Updated 2018. Accessed October 5, 2021. https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/69432/Narrative/
- Janower ML, Sneider EB. Upper gastrointestinal imaging studies in the inpatient. Respir Care. 2006;51(5):502-507. PMID: 16638183.
4. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS): A procedure that combines endoscopy and ultrasound to obtain detailed images of the lining and walls of the GI tract and surrounding structures. It can help diagnose and stage cancers, as well as evaluate abnormalities in the pancreas, liver, and bile ducts.
References:
- Wiersema MJ, Vilmann P, Giovannini M, Chang KJ, Wiersema LM. Endosonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997;45(3):243-250. doi:10.1016/s0016-5107(97)70065-3
- Polkowski M, Larghi A, Weynand B, et al. Learning, techniques, and complications of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided sampling in gastroenterology: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Technical Guideline. Endoscopy. 2012;44(2):190-206. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1291542
5. Capsule endoscopy: A tiny, pill-sized camera is swallowed, taking pictures of the small intestine as it passes through the digestive system. This noninvasive procedure helps evaluate the small intestine for abnormalities such as bleeding, polyps, or tumors.
References:
- Pennazio M, Spada C, Eliakim R, et al. Small-bowel capsule endoscopy and device-assisted enteroscopy for diagnosis and treatment of small-bowel disorders: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline. Endoscopy. 2015;47(4):352-386. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1391855
- Villa F, Di Nardo G, Oliva S, Hassan C, Romeo E, DE ANGELIS P. Capsule endoscopy in pediatric patients: technique and results. Tech Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;9(4):139-142. doi:10.1016/j.tgie.2007.08.010
6. CT scan: A computed tomography scan provides detailed cross-sectional images of the GI tract and surrounding organs. It helps diagnose conditions such as bowel obstructions, abdominal masses, or perforations.
References:
- Patlas M, Shapiro-Feinberg M, Glickman N, et al. CT colonography: advances in technique. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 2011;40(5):207-216. doi:10.1067/j.cpradiol.2010.07.001
- Weiss CR, Moawad FJ, Eng J, et al. Computed tomography colonography: a resource-effective screening tool for colorectal cancer. Am J Manag Care. 2001;7(7):715-720. PMID: 11559812.
7. Barium swallow: In this test, the patient swallows barium, which coats the inside of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. X-rays are then taken to evaluate the structure and function of these organs.
References:
- Sabri SS. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: sources, presentation, and management. Tech Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;12(3):111-118. doi:10.1016/j.tgie.2010.07.004
- Yajima K, Kanda T, Ueki T, et al. Endoscopy and endoscopic therapy for upper gastrointestinal tumors. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2010;40(9):828-839. doi:10.1093/jjco/hyq049
8. Stool analysis: A laboratory examination of a stool sample to look for blood, parasites, bacteria, or other abnormal substances. This procedure can help diagnose conditions such as infections, inflammatory bowel disease, or malabsorption disorders.
References:
- Bigham AS, Assiri AM, Alnasser LM, et al. Fecal lactoferrin and calprotectin after ileocolonic resection for Crohn's disease. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(6):399-404. doi:10.4103/1319-3767.87171
- Haapamäki J. Diagnostic procedures for acute infectious diarrhea. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2008;10(6):456-462. doi:10.1007/s11908-008-0072-4
9. Liver biopsy: A procedure in which a small sample of liver tissue is collected and examined under a microscope. It helps diagnose liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or cancer.
References:
- Rockey DC, Caldwell SH, Goodman ZD, et al. Liver biopsy. Hepatology. 2009;49(3):1017-1044. doi:10.1002/hep.22742
- Cadranel JF, Rufat P, Degos F. Practices of liver biopsy in France: results of a prospective nationwide survey. For the Group of Epidemiology of the French Association for the Study of the Liver (AFEF). Hepatology. 2000;32(3):477-481. doi:10.1053/jhep.2000.16706
10. Sigmoidoscopy: A procedure that allows the doctor to examine the rectum and lower part of the colon using a flexible tube with a light and camera. It can help diagnose conditions such as hemorrhoids, polyps, or colorectal cancer.
References:
- Lin OS, Kozarek RA, Ayub K, Gluck M, Drennan FP. Screening colonoscopy in very elderly patients: prevalence of neoplasia and estimated impact on life expectancy. JAMA. 2006;295(20):2357-2365. doi:10.1001/jama.295.20.2357
- Hewett DG, Rex DK. Procedures for cleansing the colon. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(20):e44. doi:10.1056/nejmc1609963