Describe five ways in which livestock may be affected by temperature
1. Heat stress: Livestock are highly sensitive to high temperatures, and prolonged exposure to extreme heat can lead to heat stress. This can cause reduced feed intake, decreased reproductive efficiency, and increased susceptibility to diseases. Heat stress also affects milk production in dairy cattle and reduces growth rates in young animals.
2. Cold stress: Cold weather can also have adverse effects on livestock. Exposure to extreme cold can lead to hypothermia, frostbite, and reduced feed intake. Cold stress can be particularly harmful to newborn animals or those with inadequate shelter and insulation.
3. Decreased fertility: Both high and low temperatures can negatively impact the reproductive performance of livestock. Extreme heat can disrupt the estrous cycle in females, leading to reduced conception rates and increased embryonic mortality. In contrast, extreme cold can cause reduced sperm production and viability in males, resulting in decreased fertility.
4. Impaired immune function: Temperature extremes can impair the immune function of livestock, making them more susceptible to various diseases. Heat stress, in particular, weakens the immune system, making animals more vulnerable to infections. This can result in increased mortality rates and reduced overall health in livestock populations.
5. Altered metabolism and energy requirements: Temperature fluctuations affect the metabolic rate of animals, leading to altered energy requirements. High temperatures increase metabolic heat production, which requires more energy intake to maintain body condition. Conversely, cold temperatures increase the energy needed to keep warm, requiring additional feed intake to meet the animals' increased energy demands. Failure to meet these requirements can result in weight loss, poor growth, and health issues.