Special education has evolved for a number of decades if not centuries. Major developments have taken place from inception and different communities have treated people with disabilities according to their level of civilization and education. In line with the aforementioned.1. Summarize the history of special education globally. 2. Summarize the history of special education in Zambian.
1. Globally, the history of special education can be traced back to ancient civilizations. In ancient Greece, for example, individuals with disabilities were often abandoned or left to die due to the belief that disabilities were a result of divine punishment. However, there were some instances where individuals with disabilities were provided with basic care and support.
During the Middle Ages, individuals with disabilities were usually secluded or placed in institutions where they received minimal care and were often viewed as outcasts. In the 16th century, the Renaissance period brought about new ideas and attitudes towards disabilities, with some individuals advocating for better treatment and understanding. However, it wasn't until the 18th and 19th centuries that significant progress was made in the field of special education.
The establishment of schools specifically for individuals with disabilities started to emerge in Europe and the United States during the 18th century. Pioneers like Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard and Edouard Seguin developed innovative teaching methods for individuals with sensory and intellectual disabilities. This marked the beginning of a more structured approach to education for individuals with disabilities.
In the early 20th century, the field of special education continued to gain recognition and expansion. Approaches such as segregation and institutionalization were common during this time. However, the introduction of inclusive education gained momentum in the latter part of the 20th century, advocating for the integration of individuals with disabilities into mainstream classrooms and society. The passing of laws and policies, such as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in the United States, further reinforced the rights of individuals with disabilities to receive equal education opportunities.
2. In Zambia, the history of special education is relatively recent compared to global developments. Special education began to take shape in the 1960s, following Zambia's independence from British colonial rule.
The Zambian government recognized the importance of addressing the needs of individuals with disabilities and started establishing special schools and centers. The focus initially was on providing basic educational and vocational training for individuals with disabilities.
In the 1980s and 1990s, efforts were made to promote inclusive education practices in Zambia. The emphasis shifted towards integrating individuals with disabilities into regular classrooms and schools. However, challenges such as lack of resources and trained teachers hindered the progress of inclusive education.
In recent years, the Zambian government, alongside non-governmental organizations, has made efforts to improve special education in the country. Policies have been developed to promote inclusive practices and provide support for students with disabilities. However, there is still a need for further development and investment in special education infrastructure, teacher training, and comprehensive inclusive education strategies to ensure equal access to education for all individuals in Zambia.