to resist discriminatory laws and policies enacted by the South African government and to demand equal rights for all races in the country. It was a nonviolent protest campaign organized by the African National Congress (ANC) and other anti-apartheid organizations, and was launched on June 26, 1952. The campaign aimed to challenge and defy laws such as the Pass Laws, which restricted the movement of black people in South Africa, and to highlight the unjust nature of apartheid. The Defiance Campaign encouraged mass civil disobedience, peaceful protests, and noncooperation with the authorities to bring attention to the oppressive system of racial segregation. Although the campaign was met with significant government repression and many participants were arrested, it helped to galvanize the anti-apartheid movement and played a crucial role in the broader struggle for equality and freedom in South Africa.
