What makes this individual's karyotype not normal? An extra sex chromosomeAn extra autosomeA missing sex chromosomeA missing autosome
A karyotype is a visual representation of an individual's complete set of chromosomes. A normal karyotype in humans typically consists of 46 chromosomes, with 22 pairs of autosomes (non-sex chromosomes) and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (XX in females and XY in males).
An individual would have a non-normal karyotype if they have an extra sex chromosome or autosome, or if they have a missing sex chromosome or autosome.
1. An extra sex chromosome: This occurs when an individual has more than one sex chromosome in addition to the typical XX (female) or XY (male) combination. For example, a male with XXY instead of XY has a condition called Klinefelter syndrome.
2. An extra autosome: This happens when an individual has more than the usual two pairs of each of the 22 autosomes. For instance, a person with Down syndrome has an extra copy of chromosome 21.
3. A missing sex chromosome: This occurs when an individual is missing one of the sex chromosomes. For example, a person with Turner syndrome has only one X chromosome (45,X) instead of the typical XX (female) or XY (male).
4. A missing autosome: This happens when an individual is missing one of the autosomes. Most cases of missing autosomes are not compatible with life.
In summary, any variation from the normal karyotype of 46 chromosomes, including extra sex chromosomes, extra autosomes, missing sex chromosomes, or missing autosomes, would make an individual's karyotype not normal.