What are the ten parameters of urinalysis and their indications when normal and abnormal
The ten parameters of urinalysis and their indications when normal and abnormal are as follows:
1. Color - Normal: pale yellow to amber color; Abnormal: Dark yellow, orange, red (indicating presence of blood), or any other abnormal color
2. Appearance - Normal: clear; Abnormal: cloudy or turbid (indicating presence of bacteria or pus)
3. Odor - Normal: slightly aromatic; Abnormal: strong, sweet, or foul odor (indicating infection or metabolic disorders)
4. Specific Gravity - Normal: 1.005-1.030; Abnormal: Low specific gravity (indicating excessive water intake or kidney dysfunction) or high specific gravity (indicating dehydration or kidney dysfunction)
5. pH - Normal: 4.5-8.0; Abnormal: Acidic pH (below 4.5) or alkaline pH (above 8.0) (indicating potential kidney or metabolic disorders)
6. Protein - Normal: negligible amount; Abnormal: Presence of protein (indicating kidney damage or disease)
7. Glucose - Normal: negligible amount; Abnormal: Presence of glucose (indicating diabetes or kidney dysfunction)
8. Ketones - Normal: not present; Abnormal: Presence of ketones (indicating uncontrolled diabetes or excessive fat breakdown)
9. Red blood cells (RBC) - Normal: rare or none; Abnormal: Presence of RBC (indicating urinary tract infection, kidney stones, or kidney disease)
10. White blood cells (WBC) - Normal: rare or none; Abnormal: Presence of WBC (indicating urinary tract infection or kidney infection)
It is important to note that these indications may vary depending on the specific reference ranges used in different laboratories.