How have the Philippines and Indonesia become more democratic and recent decades?
The military lead coupes to seize power
Dictators imposed new constitutions
Civil wars divided the countries between governments
Popular movements demanded and one elected governments
In recent decades, both the Philippines and Indonesia have undergone significant transitions towards becoming more democratic nations. Here are some key factors that have contributed to this transformation:
1. Overthrowing military rule: In both countries, military-led coups were common in the past, with the military establishments often taking control of the governments. However, through popular resistance and mobilization, these dictatorships were eventually overthrown, leading to a shift towards more democratic systems.
2. Constitutional reforms: Dictators in both countries imposed new constitutions to consolidate their power. However, through popular demands for change and the establishment of new political movements, constitutional reforms were implemented. These reforms aimed to ensure greater protection of civil liberties, checks and balances on power, and a more inclusive democratic framework.
3. Peaceful transitions and resolutions of conflicts: Civil wars and internal conflicts have historically plagued both nations. In recent decades, efforts have been made to resolve these conflicts and achieve peace through negotiations and political settlements. These processes have allowed for the establishment of stable governments that are more responsive to the needs and aspirations of their populations.
4. Populist movements and grassroots activism: In both the Philippines and Indonesia, popular movements and grassroots activism have played crucial roles in pushing for democratic reforms. These movements, often led by civil society organizations, human rights groups, students, and marginalized communities, have demanded and successfully won the establishment of elected governments that are more accountable to the people.
5. Strengthening of democratic institutions: Both countries have made significant strides in strengthening their democratic institutions, such as their electoral systems, judiciary, media, and civil society organizations. These institutions have played vital roles in ensuring free and fair elections, upholding the rule of law, protecting human rights, and fostering greater citizen participation in decision-making processes.
Overall, the Philippines and Indonesia have made significant progress towards democracy in recent decades, with a shift from military rule and authoritarianism to more inclusive and participatory systems of governance. However, challenges remain, and continual efforts are necessary to consolidate and deepen democracy in these nations.