How have the philippines and indonesia become more democratic in recent decades?
The Philippines and Indonesia have made significant progress toward becoming more democratic in recent decades. Here are some key factors that have contributed to this transition:
1. Political Reforms: Both countries have undertaken substantial political reforms aimed at increasing democratic practices. The Philippines implemented a new constitution in 1987, following the ousting of President Ferdinand Marcos, which introduced a multi-party system, expanded civil liberties, and established checks and balances. Indonesia also underwent political reforms following the fall of President Suharto in 1998, including constitutional changes that led to more democratic governance.
2. Free and Fair Elections: Both countries have held regular, free, and fair elections, allowing citizens to choose their representatives and leaders. The Philippines has seen a series of successful elections since the 1986 People Power Revolution, ensuring a peaceful transfer of power. Similarly, Indonesia has held several general elections, providing citizens with genuine choices and bolstering democratic engagement.
3. Strengthened Civil Society: The growth of a vibrant civil society has played a crucial role in driving democratic reforms. In the Philippines, non-governmental organizations, media outlets, and grassroots movements have actively advocated for democratic principles and transparency. In Indonesia, civil society organizations have played a significant role in monitoring elections, promoting human rights, and advocating for democratic reforms.
4. Press Freedom: Both countries have witnessed an improvement in press freedom, enabling the media to act as a watchdog on government actions. The Philippines has a relatively free press environment, with numerous media outlets covering diverse perspectives and exposing cases of corruption and other abuses. Similarly, Indonesia has made remarkable progress in press freedom, allowing for a more open dissemination of information.
5. Civil Liberties and Human Rights: Both countries have taken steps to protect civil liberties and strengthen human rights. The Philippines established institutions such as the Commission on Human Rights, providing mechanisms for citizens to report rights abuses. Indonesia has also made strides in protecting human rights, though challenges remain in certain areas like Papua and West Papua.
6. Political Stability: The consolidation of political stability in both countries has been a crucial element in their democratic progress. Through successful political transitions and peaceful transfers of power, the Philippines and Indonesia have managed to sustain democratic institutions, nurture democratic practices, and promote citizen participation.
While the democratic journey is ongoing in both countries, these factors have contributed to their increased democratic governance in recent decades. However, challenges persist, including issues like corruption, income inequality, and the need for further institutional reforms to ensure sustained democratic development.