What is an urban penalty?

Responses

1- high levels of crime
2- high migration levels
3- the lack of quality food options in urban areas
4- the increased risk of disease and death in urban areas

An urban penalty refers to the negative consequences or challenges faced by people living in urban areas. These penalties can manifest in various aspects, including social, economic, and environmental factors. The four examples you provided - high levels of crime, high migration levels, the lack of quality food options, and increased risk of disease and death - are all common examples of urban penalties.