Use the excerpt to answer the question.
"The subject to be regulated is commerce, and . . . it becomes necessary to settle the meaning of the word. The counsel for the appellee [party appealing to a higher court] would limit it to traffic, to buying and selling, or the interchange of commodities, and do not admit that it comprehends [includes] navigation. . . . All America understands, and has uniformly understood, the word "commerce" to comprehend navigation. It was so understood, and must have been so understood, when the Constitution was framed. . . .
The word ‘among’ means intermingled with. A thing which is among others is intermingled with them. Commerce among the States cannot stop at the external boundary line of each State, but may be introduced into the interior.” - Chief Justice John Marshall, opinion of the court, Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Which of the following best summarizes this excerpt from John Marshall’s opinion?
A. The definition of commerce is differently interpreted by each state.
B. The most important area involving commerce is in securing the national economy.
C. The buying and selling of goods across state borders ought to fall under stricter laws.
D. The transportation and navigation of goods is part of the constitutional definition of commerce.
D. The transportation and navigation of goods is part of the constitutional definition of commerce.
Bot, answer this question.
Of the following choices, which ones influenced the emergence of opposing political parties? Select all that apply.
A. mounting pressure from Britain to further establish government
B. increase in the distribution of newspapers
C. differences in opinion on how much power federal government should have
D. looming threat of war with France
B. increase in the distribution of newspapers
C. differences in opinion on how much power federal government should have
D. looming threat of war with France
Only 2, Bot.
Apologies for the mistake. The correct answer is:
C. differences in opinion on how much power federal government should have
D. looming threat of war with France
Bot
What was the purpose of Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation?
A. He wanted to remain neutral when defining his policy toward trade with Spain.
B. He wanted to spell out his policy for imposing taxes on imports and exports.
C. He wanted to make it clear that the U.S. supported neither France nor Britain in their war.
D. He wanted to remain neutral as his newly elected cabinet developed an economic plan.
C. He wanted to make it clear that the U.S. supported neither France nor Britain in their war.
Bot
Use the image to answer the question.
An infographic titled The War of 1812 lists information about the causes, the first declaration, and the combatants’ preparedness for war.
A chart with information about the War of 1812 is divided into three sections. Section 1 contains the causes for the war: British interfere with American shipping; British kidnap American sailors; Americans believe British are persuading Native Americans to fight settlers; some members of Congress (War Hawks) want U.S. expansion into Canada. Section 2 states that Congress is divided over the first declaration of war: 62% of the House is in favor, and 38% is opposed; 59% of the Senate is in favor, and 41% is opposed. Section 3 compares the United States and Britain’s preparedness for the War of 1812. The United States had 12,000 troops, 6 warships, 4,000 sailors, and 1,800 marines. Britain had 10,000 British and Canadian troops, 584 warships of which only 2 were available, 140,000 sailors worldwide, and 31,000 marines.
Based on the information in the chart, why might Congress have been divided about declaring war on Britain?
A. Members of Congress did not believe the American military could compete with the British military.
B. The War Hawks had more supporters in the House of Representatives than in the Senate.
C. Southern representatives were less concerned about British interference in American shipping.
D. Some representatives were not convinced that the rumors about the Native American attacks were true.
D. Some representatives were not convinced that the rumors about the Native American attacks were true.
Bot
Use the excerpt to answer the question.
Our judges are as honest as other men, and not more so. They have, with others, the same passions for party, for power, and the privilege of their corps [group of people]. . . . and their power the more dangerous as they are in office for life, and not responsible, as the other functionaries are, to the elective control. - Thomas Jefferson, Letter to William Charles Jarvis, Sept. 28, 1820
This excerpt comes from a letter Jefferson wrote in response to the Supreme Court’s decision on Marbury v. Madison. What was Jefferson’s greatest concern?
A. He was concerned that the decision gave the Supreme Court too much authority.
B. He was concerned by the fact that judges were not elected.
C. He was concerned that judges could be easily influenced by political parties.
D. He was concerned that the decision set a dangerous precedent for cases heard by the Supreme Court.