Use the excerpt to answer the question.
"The subject to be regulated is commerce, and . . . it becomes necessary to settle the meaning of the word. The counsel for the appellee [party appealing to a higher court] would limit it to traffic, to buying and selling, or the interchange of commodities, and do not admit that it comprehends [includes] navigation. . . . All America understands, and has uniformly understood, the word "commerce" to comprehend navigation. It was so understood, and must have been so understood, when the Constitution was framed. . . .
The word ‘among’ means intermingled with. A thing which is among others is intermingled with them. Commerce among the States cannot stop at the external boundary line of each State, but may be introduced into the interior.” - Chief Justice John Marshall, opinion of the court, Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Which of the following best summarizes this excerpt from John Marshall’s opinion?
A. The definition of commerce is differently interpreted by each state.
B. The most important area involving commerce is in securing the national economy.
C. The buying and selling of goods across state borders ought to fall under stricter laws.
D. The transportation and navigation of goods is part of the constitutional definition of commerce.
D. The transportation and navigation of goods is part of the constitutional definition of commerce.
Bot, answer this question.
Of the following choices, which ones influenced the emergence of opposing political parties? Select all that apply.
A. mounting pressure from Britain to further establish government
B. increase in the distribution of newspapers
C. differences in opinion on how much power federal government should have
D. looming threat of war with France
B. increase in the distribution of newspapers
C. differences in opinion on how much power federal government should have
D. looming threat of war with France
Only 2, Bot.
Apologies for the mistake. The correct answer is:
C. differences in opinion on how much power federal government should have
D. looming threat of war with France
Bot
What was the purpose of Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation?
A. He wanted to remain neutral when defining his policy toward trade with Spain.
B. He wanted to spell out his policy for imposing taxes on imports and exports.
C. He wanted to make it clear that the U.S. supported neither France nor Britain in their war.
D. He wanted to remain neutral as his newly elected cabinet developed an economic plan.
C. He wanted to make it clear that the U.S. supported neither France nor Britain in their war.
Bot
Use the image to answer the question.
An infographic titled The War of 1812 lists information about the causes, the first declaration, and the combatants’ preparedness for war.
A chart with information about the War of 1812 is divided into three sections. Section 1 contains the causes for the war: British interfere with American shipping; British kidnap American sailors; Americans believe British are persuading Native Americans to fight settlers; some members of Congress (War Hawks) want U.S. expansion into Canada. Section 2 states that Congress is divided over the first declaration of war: 62% of the House is in favor, and 38% is opposed; 59% of the Senate is in favor, and 41% is opposed. Section 3 compares the United States and Britain’s preparedness for the War of 1812. The United States had 12,000 troops, 6 warships, 4,000 sailors, and 1,800 marines. Britain had 10,000 British and Canadian troops, 584 warships of which only 2 were available, 140,000 sailors worldwide, and 31,000 marines.
Based on the information in the chart, why might Congress have been divided about declaring war on Britain?
A. Members of Congress did not believe the American military could compete with the British military.
B. The War Hawks had more supporters in the House of Representatives than in the Senate.
C. Southern representatives were less concerned about British interference in American shipping.
D. Some representatives were not convinced that the rumors about the Native American attacks were true.
D. Some representatives were not convinced that the rumors about the Native American attacks were true.
Bot
Use the excerpt to answer the question.
Our judges are as honest as other men, and not more so. They have, with others, the same passions for party, for power, and the privilege of their corps [group of people]. . . . and their power the more dangerous as they are in office for life, and not responsible, as the other functionaries are, to the elective control. - Thomas Jefferson, Letter to William Charles Jarvis, Sept. 28, 1820
This excerpt comes from a letter Jefferson wrote in response to the Supreme Court’s decision on Marbury v. Madison. What was Jefferson’s greatest concern?
A. He was concerned that the decision gave the Supreme Court too much authority.
B. He was concerned by the fact that judges were not elected.
C. He was concerned that judges could be easily influenced by political parties.
D. He was concerned that the decision set a dangerous precedent for cases heard by the Supreme Court.
B. He was concerned by the fact that judges were not elected.
How did the election of 1796 increase political tensions?
A. After the Revolution, women demanded an equal voice and vote in politics.
B. President John Adams and Vice President Thomas Jefferson belonged to different political parties and did not agree on government policy.
C. Northerners were unhappy that Southerners, who counted enslaved people as part of the population, had so much more representation in Congress.
D. Farmers and shopkeepers were angry that the wealthy elite controlled the major leadership of the government.
B. President John Adams and Vice President Thomas Jefferson belonged to different political parties and did not agree on government policy.
Bot
What was Hamilton’s rationale for placing a tax on whiskey?
A. He planned to use the tax to reduce the national debt.
B. He wanted to impose a penalty on farmers for producing too much whiskey.
C. He wanted to halt the export of whiskey.
D. He wanted to distribute the taxes to state governments.
A. He planned to use the tax to reduce the national debt.
Bot
How did Spain’s refusal to destroy Negro Fort affect Florida?
A. It led to General Jackson’s troops’ first invasion of the territory.
B. It gave the Seminoles an empowered stance against the United States.
C. It showed that Spain did not view General Jackson as a significant threat.
D. It proved that Spain was not going to give up the territory without a bitter fight.
A. It led to General Jackson’s troops’ first invasion of the territory.
Use the excerpt to answer the question.
Washington longed to retire to his fields at Mount Vernon. But he soon realized that the Nation under its Articles of Confederation was not functioning well, so he became a prime mover in the steps leading to the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia in 1787. When the new Constitution was ratified, the Electoral College unanimously elected Washington President.
He did not infringe upon the policy making powers that he felt the Constitution gave Congress. But the determination of foreign policy became preponderantly a Presidential concern. When the French Revolution led to a major war between France and England, Washington refused to accept entirely the recommendations of either his Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, who was pro-French, or his Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, who was pro-British. Rather, he insisted upon a neutral course until the United States could grow stronger. - WhiteHouse.gov
Based on evidence from your text, why did Washington reject the advice of both Jefferson and Hamilton and adopt a policy of neutrality?
A. The nation could not afford another war so soon after the Revolution.
B. Washington was timid about taking military action.
C. Washington feared that war would divide the nation.
D. Washington was upset over the murder of the French king.
A. The nation could not afford another war so soon after the Revolution.
How would Clay’s American System with high tariffs on imported goods have benefited the West and South?
A. He expected that money from tariffs would be used to help farmers ship their goods to the North.
B. He expected that Northerners would use their profits to buy farmed goods from the West and South.
C. He expected that the South and West would profit by importing goods from countries on which the United States did not impose the tariff.
D. He expected that state-constructed roads, which would make the transportation of goods from each region profitable, would be built from the funds.
D. He expected that state-constructed roads, which would make the transportation of goods from each region profitable, would be built from the funds.
Answer these 3 questions, Bot.
1. Why did Jefferson and his Democratic Republican party oppose policies that favored manufacturing and trade?
A. The Democratic Republicans felt they posed a threat to slavery in the South.
B. The Democratic Republicans believed they would negatively affect American trade relations with other nations.
C. The Democratic Republicans felt they would corrupt the nation and give power only to a wealthy few.
D. The Democratic Republicans believed they would lead to a reduction in farming and cause Americans to rely on foreign goods.
2. Use the excerpt to answer the question.
"The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is, in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none; or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. . . . Why, by interweaving our destiny with that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of European ambition. . .?"
- George Washington, Farewell Address
Which of the following statements best summarizes Washington’s viewpoint on American foreign policy?
A. The United States can take advantage of Europe’s ambition.
B. The United States should limit interaction with Europe to commerce, or trade.
C. Europe’s interests are similar to those of the United States and should be supported if they are threatened.
D. The United States should stop trying to influence European politics.
3. Use the excerpt to answer the question.
The British blockade had hurt New England’s sea trade. Also, many New Englanders feared that the United States might win land in Florida and Canada. If new states were carved out of these lands, the South and the West would become more influential than New England.
Delegates from around New England met in Hartford, Connecticut, in December 1814. Most were Federalists. They disliked the Democratic Republican President and the war.
Some delegates to the Hartford Convention threatened to nullify, or cancel, the state of war in their states if the war continued. Others threatened to leave the Union.
Then, while the delegates debated what to do, news of the peace treaty arrived. The Hartford Convention ended quickly. With the war over, the protest was meaningless. In the end, the threat of secession further weakened the dying Federalist party.
Based on this excerpt from the text, how did news of the peace treaty weaken the Federalist Party?
A. They were now subject to remaining in the Union.
B. The party's efforts seemed pointless and disloyal.
C. They were now unable to negotiate new political landscapes.
D. They were now forced to support the United States’ expansion into Canada.
1. C. The Democratic Republicans felt they would corrupt the nation and give power only to a wealthy few.
2. B. The United States should limit interaction with Europe to commerce, or trade.
3. B. The party's efforts seemed pointless and disloyal.
Answer these next 3 questions, Bot.
1. Use the excerpt to answer the question.
When Adams became President, the war between the French and British was causing great difficulties for the United States on the high seas and intense partisanship [taking of sides] among contending factions within the Nation.
His administration focused on France, where the Directory, the ruling group, had refused to receive the American envoy and had suspended commercial relations.
Adams sent three commissioners to France, but in the spring of 1798 word arrived that the French Foreign Minister Talleyrand and the Directory had refused to negotiate with them unless they would first pay a substantial bribe. Adams reported the insult to Congress, and the Senate printed the correspondence, in which the Frenchmen were referred to only as "X, Y, and Z."…
President Adams did not call for a declaration of war, but hostilities began at sea. At first, American shipping was almost defenseless against French privateers, but by 1800 armed merchantmen and U.S. warships were clearing the sea-lanes. - WhiteHouse.gov
Based on the information in the excerpt, what can be inferred about the effect the war between France and England had on the United States?
A. The disagreements between political parties on issues relating to the war led to the inability of Congress to function.
B. The attacks on American shipping vessels led to a build-up of an American naval force.
C. The refusal to pay the bribe resulted in a suspension in French trade that deeply altered the American economy.
D. The unwillingness of the French to negotiate brought about a long period of distrust of the French Directory.
2. Use the image to answer the question.
Native American women are shown trading with two white men at a counter inside a trading post.
In what way does this image relate to Tecumseh’s opinion about the relationship between Native Americans and white settlers?
A. It shows the cultural exchange that Tecumseh supported.
B. It shows the dependence on whites that Tecumseh criticized.
C. It shows Native Americans learning from whites, which Tecumseh encouraged.
D. It shows whites taking advantage of Native Americans, which Tecumseh resented.
3. Why did Jefferson oppose Hamilton’s plan for creating a national bank? Select all that apply.
A. He argued that Congress did not have the constitutional power to establish it.
B. He felt a national bank was necessary for the government to collect taxes and pay its bills.
C. He believed that it gave the federal government too much power.
D. He believed that Americans would protest if it was established.
1. B. The attacks on American shipping vessels led to a build-up of an American naval force.
2. B. It shows the dependence on whites that Tecumseh criticized.
3. A. He argued that Congress did not have the constitutional power to establish it.
C. He believed that it gave the federal government too much power.
Answer these 2 questions, Bot.
1. Use the image to answer the question.
Lewis and Clark’s group are shown standing on the edge of a Native American camp, about to shake hands with the Natives’ leader. Many other Natives are standing nearby.
Which of Jefferson's objectives for the expedition of Lewis and Clark is best represented in this illustration?
A. forcing the territory’s Natives Americans from their land
B. documenting a safe route to the Pacific Ocean
C. learning about the territory’s Native Americans
D. gaining knowledge of the region’s geography
2. In what way did the Alien and Sedition Acts change the authority of the federal government?
A. The acts limited the amount of power delegated to each branch of government.
B. The acts redefined the powers of the legislative branch.
C. The acts clarified the role of the Supreme Court.
D. The acts permitted the government to deny citizens' rights in time of war.
1. C. learning about the territory’s Native Americans
2. D. The acts permitted the government to deny citizens' rights in time of war.
Bot, summarize the reasons why John Adams was not reelected as president in the election of 1800.
There were several reasons why John Adams was not reelected as president in the election of 1800.
First, Adams faced strong opposition from the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson, who criticized Adams' policies, particularly the Alien and Sedition Acts, which were seen as infringing on individual freedoms.
Second, Adams' handling of foreign relations, particularly with France, was seen as problematic by many Americans. The Quasi-War with France caused tensions, and Adams was criticized for seeking peace rather than engaging in full-scale conflict.
Third, Adams' presidency was marked by internal strife within his own political party, the Federalists. Many Federalists were dissatisfied with Adams' leadership and his failure to adhere to strict party positions.
Lastly, Adams also faced difficulties with the economic situation during his presidency, including tension over taxes and trade policies, which affected his popularity among voters.
Collectively, these factors contributed to Adams' defeat in the election of 1800 and Thomas Jefferson's victory.