During the Islamic empire, Christians and Jews were excluded from holding high political offices and positions of authority in the government. They were also excluded from serving in the military and were subjected to certain restrictions on their religious practices. Additionally, Christians and Jews were required to pay a special tax known as the jizya in order to maintain their religious freedom and protect their communities. However, they were allowed to practice their own religions and maintain their own legal systems to a certain extent. It's important to note that the degree of exclusion and the nature of restrictions varied over time and across different regions within the vast Islamic empire.
