_____ refers to the influences of the social and physical environment in which the child lives.

a. professionalism
b. nurture
c. nature
d. existentialism

b. nurture

The correct answer is "b. nurture."

To arrive at this answer, we need to understand the meanings of each option and determine which one aligns with the influences of the social and physical environment on a child's development.

a. "Professionalism" typically refers to the conduct, behavior, and skills associated with a particular profession or occupation. It does not directly relate to the influences of the social and physical environment on a child's development.

b. "Nurture" refers to the process of caring for and promoting the development of someone or something, often in relation to their upbringing and environment. It encompasses the influences of the social and physical environment in which a child lives, making it the most suitable option in this context.

c. "Nature" refers to the genetic or biological factors that contribute to an individual's development and behavior. While nature does play a role in child development, it doesn't specifically address the social and physical environment.

d. "Existentialism" is a philosophical perspective that focuses on the individual's subjective experience and the search for meaning and purpose in life. It does not directly relate to the influences of the social and physical environment on a child's development.

Therefore, the most appropriate answer is "b. nurture" as it specifically refers to the influences of the social and physical environment in which the child lives.