Certainly! Let's put the volumes of water in their respective units for the given positions in the hydrological cycle:
1. Ocean precipitation: 373 km³
2. Ocean evaporation: 413 km³
3. Ocean: 1,336,040 km³
4. Ice: 26,350 km³
5. Atmosphere: 12.7 km³
6. Ocean to land water vapor transport: 40 km³
7. Surface flow: 40 km³
8. Groundwater: 15,300 km³
9. Rivers and lakes: 178 km³
10. Evaporation + transpiration: 73 km³
11. Land precipitation: 113 km³
12. Permafrost: 22 km³
Calculate volume in size and residence time for the following global reservoirs using values given above. Also, clearly identify and write down the input fluxes and output fluxes for each reservoirs.
a. Ocean
b. atmosphere
c. terrestrial
a. Ocean:
Volume: 1,336,040 km³
Residence time: Not provided
Input fluxes:
- Ocean precipitation: 373 km³
- Ocean to land water vapor transport: 40 km³
Output fluxes:
- Ocean evaporation: 413 km³
- Surface flow: 40 km³
b. Atmosphere:
Volume: 12.7 km³
Residence time: Not provided
Input fluxes:
- Ocean evaporation: 413 km³
- Evaporation + transpiration: 73 km³
Output fluxes:
- Ocean precipitation: 373 km³
c. Terrestrial:
Volume: Not provided
Residence time: Not provided
Input fluxes:
- Ocean to land water vapor transport: 40 km³
- Surface flow: 40 km³
- Rivers and lakes: 178 km³
- Groundwater: 15,300 km³
Output fluxes:
- Land precipitation: 113 km³
a. Ocean:
- Volume: 1,336,040 km³
- Residence Time: The residence time of the ocean can be calculated by dividing the volume of the ocean by the input fluxes or output fluxes. In this case, we can use the ocean precipitation and ocean evaporation as the input and output fluxes, respectively.
Residence Time = Ocean Volume / Ocean Evaporation = 1,336,040 km³ / 413 km³ = 3236 years
Input Fluxes: Ocean precipitation (373 km³)
Output Fluxes: Ocean evaporation (413 km³)
b. Atmosphere:
- Volume: 12.7 km³
- Residence Time: The residence time of the atmosphere can be calculated by dividing the volume of the atmosphere by the input fluxes or output fluxes. In this case, we can use the ocean to land water vapor transport and evaporation + transpiration as the input fluxes, and land precipitation as the output flux.
Residence Time = Atmosphere Volume / (Ocean to Land Water Vapor Transport + Evaporation + Transpiration - Land Precipitation)
Residence Time = 12.7 km³ / (40 km³ + 73 km³ - 113 km³) = -27.87 years (negative value indicates that the residence time is very short and not typical for the atmosphere)
Input Fluxes: Ocean to land water vapor transport (40 km³), Evaporation + Transpiration (73 km³)
Output Fluxes: Land precipitation (113 km³)
c. Terrestrial:
- Volume: This can be calculated by adding up the volumes of ice, surface flow, groundwater, rivers and lakes, and permafrost.
Volume = Ice + Surface Flow + Groundwater + Rivers and Lakes + Permafrost
Volume = 26,350 km³ + 40 km³ + 15,300 km³ + 178 km³ + 22 km³ = 41,890 km³
- Residence Time: The residence time of the terrestrial reservoir can be calculated by dividing the volume of the terrestrial reservoir by the input fluxes or output fluxes. In this case, we can use the land precipitation as the input flux and surface flow, evaporation + transpiration and permafrost as the output fluxes.
Residence Time = Terrestrial Volume / (Land Precipitation - Surface Flow - Evaporation + Transpiration - Permafrost)
Residence Time = 41,890 km³ / (113 km³ - 40 km³ - 73 km³ - 22 km³) = 1,130.39 years
Input Fluxes: Land Precipitation (113 km³)
Output Fluxes: Surface Flow (40 km³), Evaporation + Transpiration (73 km³), Permafrost (22 km³)
a. Ocean:
Volume: The volume of the ocean is given as 1,336,040 km³.
Residence time: To calculate the residence time, we need to divide the volume of the ocean by the input fluxes or output fluxes that affect its volume.
Input fluxes:
- Ocean precipitation: 373 km³
- Surface flow: 40 km³
- Groundwater: 15,300 km³
- Rivers and lakes: 178 km³
Output fluxes:
- Ocean evaporation: 413 km³
- Ocean to land water vapor transport: 40 km³
By summing up the input fluxes and subtracting the output fluxes, we get the net input flux:
Net input flux = (Ocean precipitation + Surface flow + Groundwater + Rivers and lakes) - (Ocean evaporation + Ocean to land water vapor transport).
Now, we can calculate the residence time using the formula:
Residence time = Volume / Net input flux.
b. Atmosphere:
Volume: The volume of the atmosphere is given as 12.7 km³.
Residence time: To calculate the residence time, we need to divide the volume of the atmosphere by the input fluxes or output fluxes that affect its volume.
Input fluxes:
- Ocean to land water vapor transport: 40 km³
- Evaporation + transpiration: 73 km³
Output fluxes:
- Precipitation: 113 km³
By summing up the input fluxes and subtracting the output flux, we get the net input flux:
Net input flux = (Ocean to land water vapor transport + Evaporation + transpiration) - Precipitation.
Now, we can calculate the residence time using the formula:
Residence time = Volume / Net input flux.
c. Terrestrial:
Volume: The volume of terrestrial water in this case refers to rivers, lakes, and groundwater. It is given as 15,478 km³ (sum of Groundwater: 15,300 km³ and Rivers and lakes: 178 km³).
Residence time: To calculate the residence time, we need to divide the volume of terrestrial water by the input fluxes or output fluxes that affect its volume.
Input fluxes:
- Surface flow: 40 km³
Output fluxes:
- Ocean to land water vapor transport: 40 km³
By summing up the input fluxes and subtracting the output flux, we get the net input flux:
Net input flux = Surface flow - Ocean to land water vapor transport.
Now, we can calculate the residence time using the formula:
Residence time = Volume / Net input flux.