Certainly! Let's put the volumes of water in their respective units for the given positions in the hydrological cycle:
1. Ocean precipitation: 373 km³
2. Ocean evaporation: 413 km³
3. Ocean: 1,336,040 km³
4. Ice: 26,350 km³
5. Atmosphere: 12.7 km³
6. Ocean to land water vapor transport: 40 km³
7. Surface flow: 40 km³
8. Groundwater: 15,300 km³
9. Rivers and lakes: 178 km³
10. Evaporation + transpiration: 73 km³
11. Land precipitation: 113 km³
12. Permafrost: 22 km³
Note: The units used for these volumes are in cubic kilometers (km³), except for the atmosphere where the unit is in cubic kilometers (km³).
Calculating the sum of these volumes:
Total volume = Ocean precipitation + Ocean evaporation + Ocean + Ice + Atmosphere + Ocean to land water vapor transport + Surface flow + Groundwater + Rivers and lakes + Evaporation + transpiration + Land precipitation + Permafrost
Total volume = 373 km³ + 413 km³ + 1,336,040 km³ + 26,350 km³ + 12.7 km³ + 40 km³ + 40 km³ + 15,300 km³ + 178 km³ + 73 km³ + 113 km³ + 22 km³
Calculate volume in size and residence time for the following global reservoirs using values given above. Also, clearly identify and write down the input fluxes and output fluxes for each reservoirs.
a. Ocean
b. atmosphere
c. terrestrial
a. Ocean:
- Size: 1,336,040 km³
- Input Fluxes: Ocean precipitation, Ocean to land water vapor transport
- Output Fluxes: Ocean evaporation, Surface flow, Groundwater, Rivers and lakes
b. Atmosphere:
- Size: 12.7 km³
- Input Fluxes: Evaporation, Transpiration
- Output Fluxes: Land precipitation
c. Terrestrial:
- Size: Rivers and lakes + Groundwater + Permafrost
- Input Fluxes: Surface flow, Land precipitation
- Output Fluxes: Evaporation + Transpiration
a. Ocean:
Size: 1,336,040 km³
Residence time: The residence time of the ocean is difficult to determine precisely, as it depends on various factors such as circulation patterns and exchange rates with other reservoirs. However, estimates suggest that the residence time of water in the ocean is around 3,000 years.
Input fluxes:
- Ocean precipitation: 373 km³/year
- Ocean to land water vapor transport: 40 km³/year
Output fluxes:
- Ocean evaporation: 413 km³/year
- Surface flow: 40 km³/year
b. Atmosphere:
Size: 12.7 km³
Residence time: The residence time of water in the atmosphere is relatively short, typically only a few days.
Input fluxes:
- Ocean evaporation: 413 km³/year
- Evaporation + transpiration: 73 km³/year
- Land precipitation: 113 km³/year
Output fluxes:
- Atmospheric precipitation: Variable, as it depends on weather patterns.
c. Terrestrial:
Size: This term generally refers to all water on land, including rivers, lakes, groundwater, and ice. The given volumes for rivers and lakes (178 km³) and groundwater (15,300 km³) represent a part of the terrestrial reservoir.
Residence time: The residence time for different components of the terrestrial reservoir can vary significantly. For example, water in rivers and lakes usually has a residence time of weeks to months, while groundwater can have residence times ranging from a few years to thousands of years.
Input fluxes:
- Surface flow: 40 km³/year
- Groundwater: 15,300 km³/year
Output fluxes:
- Percolation and discharge to oceans: Varies depending on local hydrological conditions.
To calculate the size and residence time of the global reservoirs, we need to use the volumes given and analyze the input and output fluxes for each reservoir. Let's break it down:
a. Ocean:
Size: The size of the ocean reservoir is given as 1,336,040 km³.
Input fluxes: The input fluxes for the ocean include ocean precipitation (373 km³), ocean to land water vapor transport (40 km³), and surface flow (40 km³).
Output fluxes: The output fluxes for the ocean include ocean evaporation (413 km³) and rivers and lakes (178 km³).
Residence time: To calculate the residence time, we can use the formula Residence time = Size / Output fluxes.
Residence time of the ocean = 1,336,040 km³ / (413 km³ + 178 km³)
b. Atmosphere:
Size: The size of the atmosphere reservoir is given as 12.7 km³.
Input fluxes: The input fluxes for the atmosphere include evaporation + transpiration (73 km³).
Output fluxes: The output flux for the atmosphere is precipitation (either ocean precipitation - 373 km³ or land precipitation - 113 km³).
Residence time: To calculate the residence time, we can use the formula Residence time = Size / Output fluxes.
Residence time of the atmosphere = 12.7 km³ / (373 km³ or 113 km³)
c. Terrestrial:
Size: The size of the terrestrial reservoir can be calculated by subtracting the volumes of ocean, atmosphere, and ice from the total volume.
Size of the terrestrial reservoir = Total volume - (Ocean + Atmosphere + Ice)
Input fluxes: The input fluxes for the terrestrial reservoir include land precipitation (113 km³) and ocean to land water vapor transport (40 km³).
Output fluxes: The output fluxes for the terrestrial reservoir include evaporation + transpiration (73 km³) and groundwater (15,300 km³).
Residence time: To calculate the residence time, we can use the formula Residence time = Size / Output fluxes.
Residence time of the terrestrial reservoir = (Size of the terrestrial reservoir) / (Evaporation + transpiration + Groundwater)
By using these calculations, you can determine the size, input fluxes, output fluxes, and residence time for each of the specified global reservoirs. The given volumes and fluxes provided the necessary information to perform the calculations.