5. A highly eccentric orbit, such as a comet, will have an eccentricity of 0.
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1 point
True
False
6. Which was a belief of Copernicus's model of the solar system?
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1 point
The planets move in perfect circles.
All planets orbit the Sun at the same speed.
The outer planets move in epicycles.
Earth is fixed to a crystalline sphere.
7. Which statement about the geocentric model is true?
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1 point
It shows the orbits of the planets as elliptical.
It shows Earth at the center of the solar system.
It shows the Sun at the center of the solar system.
8. Which of the following statements about Newton's theory of universal gravitation is true?
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1 point
Gravitational force increases as the distance between objects increases.
Gravitational force increases as mass of objects decreases.
Gravitational force increases as the mass of objects increases.
The theory applies only to objects on Earth.
9. An asteroid approaches Jupiter and is slung into a new trajectory around across the solar system. If it's eccentricity is greater than 1, which statement might be true?
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1 point
The asteroid slows down as it passes around Jupiter.
The asteroid continues out of the solar system, never to return.
The asteroid adopts an unusual orbit around the sun, such as an egg shape.
The asteroid falls into an regular orbit around Jupiter instead of the sun.
10. The mass of an object doubles. What happens to the gravitational force between it and another object, assuming they remain the same distance apart?
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1 point
The amount of the gravitational force decreases by one-half.
The amount of the gravitational force quadruples.
The amount of the gravitational force doubles.
The amount of the gravitational force remains the same.
11. Based on Kepler's observations about planetary motion, what is the relationship between a planet's orbital velocity and its distance from the sun?
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1 point
The greater the distance, the slower the orbital velocity.
Distance has no effect on orbital velocity.
The greater the distance, the greater the orbital velocity.
As distance is cut in half, orbital velocity decreases.
12. Why was the geocentric model accepted for more than a thousand years?
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1 point
It correctly explained the motion of the planets.
It correctly described the solar system.
It was confirmed by astronomers using telescopes.
It correctly explained the distribution of the stars.
13. Select the correct answer to complete the sentence. Gravitational force is said to be universal because:
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1 point
it operates in one direction.
it operates only within our solar system.
it applies mainly to planets and moons.
it applies to all objects.
14. Select the correct words to fill in the blanks to this sentence: As a planet draws away from the sun in its orbit, the gravity pull from the sun pulls _________on the planet and the planet's speed _________.
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1 point
forwards, decreases
backwards, decreases
backwards, increases
forwards, increases
15. Why is it important that Earth’s orbit is nearly circular?
*
1 point
This prevents massive temperature fluctuations that could occur with a more extremely elliptical orbit.
This allows for massive temperature fluctuations that occur with a more circular orbit.
This prevents massive temperature fluctuations that could occur with a more circular orbit.
This allows for gravitational fluctuations that occur with a more extremely elliptical orbit.
16. As the MASS of an object increases, its gravitational force ___________.
*
1 point
decreases
increases
stays the same
17. Why were Tycho Brahe's data and observations important for Kepler's laws?
*
1 point
They proved one of the laws to be true.
They disproved the laws.
They provided evidence to support the laws.
They had no relation to the laws.
18. The acceleration of a satellite can be derived by equating the universal gravitational force and the centripetal force.
*
1 point
True
False
19. Which is the LEAST eccentric orbit?
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1 point
e=0.001
e=0.90
e=1
e=0.25
20. There are two objects close to each other. If the mass of one of the objects is doubled while the distance remains the same, how does the gravitational force change?
*
1 point
It becomes four times stronger
It becomes half as strong
It remains the same
It becomes twice as strong
21. Which two things affect gravitational force between objects?
*
1 point
Mass and distance
Mass and cellular composition
Mass and shape
Distance and shape
22. Which of the eight planets in the solar system has the most elliptical orbit?
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1 point
Venus
Earth
Mars
Mercury
23. Where is the sun located on Earth’s elliptical orbit?
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1 point
at the aphelium
at the perihelium
at a focus
at the center of the two foci
24. According to Newton’s Laws of Motion objects will continue in a straight line at a constant _________ unless acted on by an outside _____________.
*
1 point
location, planet
speed, force
speed, time
location, force
25. The diagram below shows a model of the solar system. Which of the following statements is correct about this model?
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1 point
Captionless Image
This is the heliocentric model of the solar system and it was created by Aristotle.
This is the geocentric model of the solar system and it was created by Kepler.
This is the heliocentric model of the solar system and it was created by Kepler.
This is the geocentric model of the solar system and it was created by Aristotle.
5. False
6. The planets move in perfect circles.
7. It shows Earth at the center of the solar system.
8. Gravitational force increases as the mass of objects increases.
9. The asteroid continues out of the solar system, never to return.
10. The amount of the gravitational force doubles.
11. The greater the distance, the slower the orbital velocity.
12. It correctly explained the motion of the planets.
13. it applies to all objects.
14. backwards, decreases
15. This prevents massive temperature fluctuations that could occur with a more extremely elliptical orbit.
16. increases
17. They provided evidence to support the laws.
18. True
19. e=0.001
20. It becomes four times stronger
21. Mass and distance
22. Mars
23. at a focus
24. speed, force
25. This is the heliocentric model of the solar system and it was created by Kepler.
6. The belief of Copernicus's model of the solar system is that the planets move in perfect circles.
7. The statement about the geocentric model that is true is that it shows Earth at the center of the solar system.
8. The statement about Newton's theory of universal gravitation that is true is that gravitational force increases as the mass of objects increases.
9. If an asteroid's eccentricity is greater than 1, the statement that might be true is that the asteroid continues out of the solar system, never to return.
10. If the mass of an object doubles, the gravitational force between it and another object, assuming they remain the same distance apart, doubles as well.
11. Based on Kepler's observations about planetary motion, the relationship between a planet's orbital velocity and its distance from the sun is that the greater the distance, the slower the orbital velocity.
12. The geocentric model was accepted for more than a thousand years because it was believed to correctly describe the solar system.
13. Gravitational force is said to be universal because it applies to all objects.
14. As a planet draws away from the sun in its orbit, the gravity pull from the sun pulls backwards on the planet and the planet's speed decreases.
15. It is important that Earth's orbit is nearly circular because this prevents massive temperature fluctuations that could occur with a more extremely elliptical orbit.
16. As the mass of an object increases, its gravitational force increases as well.
17. Tycho Brahe's data and observations were important for Kepler's laws because they provided evidence to support the laws.
18. The statement that the acceleration of a satellite can be derived by equating the universal gravitational force and the centripetal force is true.
19. The least eccentric orbit is e=0.001.
20. If the mass of one of the objects is doubled while the distance remains the same, the gravitational force becomes four times stronger.
21. Mass and distance are the two things that affect gravitational force between objects.
22. The planet with the most elliptical orbit in the solar system is Mercury.
23. The sun is located at a focus on Earth's elliptical orbit.
24. According to Newton's Laws of Motion, objects will continue in a straight line at a constant speed unless acted on by an outside force.
25. The diagram is the heliocentric model of the solar system and it was created by Kepler.
5. False. A highly eccentric orbit, such as a comet, will have an eccentricity greater than 0.
To determine the eccentricity of an orbit, you need to know the closest and farthest distance from the orbiting object to the focus point (the point around which the object orbits). The eccentricity is calculated by dividing the difference between these two distances by their sum. If the eccentricity is greater than 0, the orbit is eccentric.
6. The planets move in perfect circles. False. Copernicus's model of the solar system proposed that the planets move in perfect circles, which we now know is not true.
Copernicus believed that the planets orbited the Sun in perfect circular orbits. However, this model was later revised by Kepler, who discovered that the planets actually move in elliptical orbits.
7. It shows Earth at the center of the solar system. True. The geocentric model of the solar system depicts Earth at the center of the solar system. This model was widely accepted for many centuries before it was proven incorrect by Copernicus and later astronomers.
8. Gravitational force increases as the mass of objects increases. True. Newton's theory of universal gravitation states that the gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses. In simple terms, the more massive the objects, the stronger the gravitational force between them.
9. The asteroid continues out of the solar system, never to return. True. An eccentricity greater than 1 indicates that the orbit is hyperbolic. In this case, the asteroid's trajectory is such that it does not loop back around the solar system and instead continues on a path outwards, away from the Sun, never to return.
10. The amount of the gravitational force doubles. False. According to Newton's law of universal gravitation, the gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. If the mass of one object doubles while the distance remains the same, the gravitational force between them will also double.
11. The greater the distance, the slower the orbital velocity. True. According to Kepler's third law of planetary motion, the greater the distance between a planet and the Sun, the slower the planet's orbital velocity. This law applies to all planets in the solar system.
12. It correctly explained the motion of the planets. False. The geocentric model was accepted for more than a thousand years not because it correctly explained the motion of the planets, but rather due to cultural, social, and religious beliefs at the time. It was not until Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model that a more accurate understanding of the solar system began to emerge.
13. It applies to all objects. True. Gravitational force is said to be universal because it applies to all objects in the universe. It is a fundamental force that acts between any two objects with mass, regardless of their location or size.
14. Forwards, decreases. As a planet draws away from the sun in its orbit, the gravity pull from the sun pulls backwards on the planet, causing its speed to decrease. The gravitational force acts in the opposite direction of the planet's motion.
15. This prevents massive temperature fluctuations that could occur with a more extremely elliptical orbit. When an orbit is nearly circular, the distance between the planet and the sun remains relatively constant throughout the orbit. This helps to stabilize the amount of heat and light received from the sun, preventing extreme temperature fluctuations that could occur with a more elliptical orbit.
16. increases. As the mass of an object increases, its gravitational force increases. This is because the gravitational force is directly proportional to the mass of the objects involved.
17. They provided evidence to support the laws. Tycho Brahe's detailed and accurate observations of planetary motion provided crucial data for Kepler to formulate his laws of planetary motion. Kepler used Brahe's data to develop his three laws, which accurately described the motion of the planets.
18. True. The acceleration of a satellite can be derived by equating the universal gravitational force with the centripetal force. This is known as the gravitational force equation and is used to calculate the acceleration of a satellite in orbit.
19. e=0.001. The eccentricity of an orbit ranges from 0 (for a perfectly circular orbit) to 1 (for a parabolic orbit). The orbit with the least eccentricity is the one with e=0.001.
20. It becomes twice as strong. The gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses. If one object's mass is doubled while the distance remains the same, the gravitational force between them will also double.
21. Mass and distance. The gravitational force between objects is influenced by both the mass of the objects and the distance between them. The greater the mass of the objects, the stronger the gravitational force. However, as the distance between the objects increases, the gravitational force decreases.
22. Mercury. Among the eight planets in the solar system, Mercury has the most elliptical orbit. Its eccentricity is approximately 0.21, which means its orbit deviates the most from a perfect circle compared to other planets.
23. at a focus. In Earth's elliptical orbit, the Sun is located at one of the two foci. The other focus is empty, without any celestial object.
24. speed, force. According to Newton's Laws of Motion, objects will continue in a straight line at a constant speed unless acted on by an outside force. In other words, an object's motion (either staying at rest or moving at a constant speed) remains unchanged unless an external force is applied to it.
25. This is the geocentric model of the solar system and it was created by Aristotle. The diagram represents the geocentric model of the solar system, which was initially proposed by Aristotle. In this model, Earth is depicted as the center of the universe, with the other celestial objects, including the Sun, planets, and stars, revolving around it. This model was later challenged and disproven by Copernicus, who proposed the heliocentric model.