Is there any fluent expression, grammar or punctuation problem in this paragraph
Standard of care refers to the baseline calibre of medical care that must be provided to patients by medical practitioners. When these experts act negligently, they either “fail to act in a way that a reasonable person would”, or “they act in a way that a reasonable person would not” (Vanderpool et.al, 2021). Numerous people have had a range of unanticipated side effects following surgery, mostly due to a lack of informed consent, ranging from minor loss in functionality to mortality. In Australia, it is reported that each year approximately 18,000 to 54,000 deaths and injuries occur from the medical errors (Graham,2023). In the case of Rogers v Whitaker (1992) 175 CLR 479, the ophthalmologist failed to communicate to Gillian Rogers about the detailed risk of the eye surgery, leading to permanent blindness (CJ et.al, 1992). Every operation poses a potential health risk to a patient, and according to standards of care, “a doctor has a duty to warn a patient of a material risk inherent in the proposed treatment.” (Roger v Whittaker) Incidents like this can ultimately decrease the general public’s faith in the future healthcare system, which can increase the risk of serious illness, as the public are less likely to present to the doctors. Furthermore, medical negligence can also cause psychological damage to patients, as in G and M v Armellin (2008) ASTC 68; 219 FLR 359. The unplanned birth in this case, gave the couple emotional trauma, since it involved an injury to their "reproductive future," compounded by the physical burden of an unwanted multiple pregnancy (Hirsch, 2008).
There are a few grammar and punctuation errors in the paragraph. Here are the corrections:
1. Change "calibre" to "quality" for clarity and consistency.
2. Remove the comma after "not" in the phrase "a way that a reasonable person would not".
3. Add a comma before the phrase "ranging from minor loss in functionality to mortality" to separate it from the previous clause.
4. Remove the comma after "2023" in the citation "Graham, 2023".
5. Add a space after "479," in the citation "175 CLR 479," for consistency.
6. Change "CJ et.al" to "CJ et al" for proper abbreviation.
7. Add a space before "v" in the citation "Rogers v Whitaker".
8. Change "Whittaker" to "Whitaker" for consistency.
9. Enclose the citation "Roger v Whittaker" in quotation marks for clarity.
10. Remove the comma after "system" in the phrase "future healthcare system,".
11. Remove the quotation marks around "reproductive future" in the phrase "involved an injury to their "reproductive future,""
The paragraph appears to be well-written and structured. However, a few minor changes could be made for clarity and consistency.
1. In the sentence "When these experts act negligently, they either 'fail to act in a way that a reasonable person would', or 'they act in a way that a reasonable person would not'", it would be clearer to rephrase it as: "When these experts act negligently, they either fail to act in a way that a reasonable person would, or they act in a way that a reasonable person would not" (Vanderpool et al., 2021).
2. In the sentence "Numerous people have had a range of unanticipated side effects following surgery, mostly due to a lack of informed consent, ranging from minor loss in functionality to mortality," it would be more consistent to rephrase it as: "Numerous people have experienced a range of unanticipated side effects following surgery, mostly due to a lack of informed consent. These side effects can range from minor loss in functionality to mortality."
3. In the sentence "In Australia, it is reported that each year approximately 18,000 to 54,000 deaths and injuries occur from medical errors (Graham, 2023)," you could add "that" before "medical errors" for clarity: "In Australia, it is reported that each year approximately 18,000 to 54,000 deaths and injuries occur from medical errors (Graham, 2023)."
4. In the sentence "According to standards of care, 'a doctor has a duty to warn a patient of a material risk inherent in the proposed treatment' (Roger v Whittaker)," it would be better to include the year and page numbers in the citation: "According to standards of care, 'a doctor has a duty to warn a patient of a material risk inherent in the proposed treatment' (Roger v Whittaker, [year], [page number])."
Overall, these changes are minor and do not significantly impact the understanding of the paragraph.