Stress can affect the immune response in all of the following ways, except by ?increasing phagocytic activity of macrophages and neutrophils. depressing the immune response . reducing the number of phagocytes . inhibiting interleukin secretion . increasing the level of glucocorticoids .
increasing phagocytic activity of macrophages and neutrophils.
Stress can affect the immune response in several ways. However, it does not have the effect of increasing phagocytic activity of macrophages and neutrophils. Here are the ways stress can affect the immune response:
1. Depressing the immune response: Stress can suppress the immune system, making it less effective in fighting off infections and diseases.
2. Reducing the number of phagocytes: Prolonged stress can lead to a decrease in the number of immune cells called phagocytes, which are responsible for engulfing and destroying pathogens.
3. Inhibiting interleukin secretion: Interleukins are chemical messengers that regulate immune responses. Stress can inhibit the secretion of these substances, disrupting the communication within the immune system and impairing its ability to mount an appropriate immune response.
4. Increasing the level of glucocorticoids: Stress triggers the release of stress hormones, including glucocorticoids such as cortisol. These hormones can have suppressive effects on the immune system when present at high levels, leading to an impaired immune response.
So, stress can affect the immune response by depressing the immune response, reducing the number of phagocytes, inhibiting interleukin secretion, and increasing the level of glucocorticoids. However, it does not increase phagocytic activity of macrophages and neutrophils.