Discuss modifications that allow the plant to adapt to the limiting and damaging factors in desert biome
Plants that live in the desert biome go through a lot of challenges such as limited water, extreme temperature, and low nutrient content of soil. To survive in such environments, plants have adapted unique modifications that aid them in conserving water, reducing heat gain, and increasing nutrient uptake. In this article, we discuss some of these adaptations.
1. Succulent stems and leaves
Most plants in the desert biome are succulents. They have thick and fleshy stems and leaves that can store water during periods of rainfall and use it when water is scarce. The larger the surface area for water storage, the larger the plant can grow; therefore, succulent stems and leaves have maximized this to survive in the desert. Examples of succulents in the desert include cacti, yuccas, and aloes.
2. Water-conserving leaves
Desert plants also have reduced leaf surfaces. This is because leaves are the main water loss sites in plants. Plants growing in the desert have evolved reduced leaves to conserve water, therefore these plants have often adapted thorns, spikes, or small-scale leaves that reduce the surface area, while still maintaining photosynthesis.
3. Deep and extensive root system
Most desert plants have evolved deep roots that can tap water deep in the soil. This is essential because water is often not available in the upper soil layers because it evaporates much quicker in the intense heat of the desert. Desert plants with a deep root network include mesquite, Joshua trees, and desert palm trees.
4. CAM photosynthesis
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis is a unique adaptation to desert environments. Plants that perform CAM photosynthesis open their stomata at night to lure in carbon dioxide and store it in their leaves. They then close their stomata during the day to reduce water loss, convert the stored carbon dioxide into sugars for energy, and release the store of water in their tissues.
5. Thick waxy cuticles
A waxy coating on leaves called the cuticle, can help protect plants from desiccation. Desert plants in particular have evolved thick cuticles that reduce water loss through leaves. These waxy cuticles keep the internal moisture in the leaves, making the plant more drought-tolerant. Examples of desert plants with waxy cuticles are date palms and succulents.
Overall, the desert biome is a challenging environment for most plants. But the adaptations discussed above have allowed some plants to thrive, survive the extremes, and continue to play a vital role in shaping the ecosystem.