All of the following temperament characteristics have been linked to increased risk of substances use, except a. High harm avoidance b. Poor impulses control c. Sensation seeking d. Novelty seeking
a. High harm avoidance
Trends in the youth risk behavior survey between 1999and 2005 reveal that, according to BMI ratings and self description of themselves being overweight a. Overall, youth at risk for being overweight decreased from 1999 to 2005 b. White youth noted a decreased in being overweight between 1999 and 2005 c. Overall, the number of overweight youth decreased from 1999 to 2005.d. Hispanic youth demonstrated an increase in being overweight between 1999 and 2005
d. Hispanic youth demonstrated an increase in being overweight between 1999 and 2005.
To determine which of the given temperament characteristics is not linked to increased risk of substance use, we need to go through each option and evaluate the evidence.
a. High harm avoidance:
Harm avoidance is a temperament characteristic associated with anxiety and the tendency to avoid potentially harmful situations. Research suggests that individuals with high harm avoidance may be at an increased risk of substance use as a way to cope with their anxiety. Therefore, high harm avoidance is linked to increased risk of substance use.
b. Poor impulse control:
Impulse control refers to the ability to resist immediate gratification and impulsive behaviors. Poor impulse control is commonly associated with increased risk of substance use. Impulsivity may lead to engaging in risky behaviors such as substance abuse, making it a characteristic linked to increased substance use.
c. Sensation seeking:
Sensation seeking is a personality trait characterized by seeking varied, novel, and intense experiences. Although individuals with high sensation seeking may be more likely to engage in risky behaviors, including substance use, it is considered a temperament characteristic linked to increased risk of substance use.
d. Novelty seeking:
Novelty seeking is a temperament characteristic associated with seeking new experiences and novelty. It is often related to curiosity and exploration. Studies have shown that individuals with high novelty seeking behavior are more likely to engage in substance use. Therefore, novelty seeking is also linked to increased risk of substance use.
From the evaluation above, we can conclude that all of the given temperament characteristics (a, b, c, and d) have been linked to an increased risk of substance use. Thus, the correct answer is: There is no temperament characteristic listed that is not linked to increased risk of substance use.