The movement of materials already in the phloem is described as _______.
Source-to-sink
Pressure flow
Cohesion-tension
Active transport
Both a and b
Pressure flow
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The movement of materials already in the phloem is described as both "source-to-sink" and "pressure flow". Let me explain how these terms relate to the process.
The source-to-sink theory describes the movement of substances in plants, from areas where they are produced or stored (sources) to areas where they are utilized or stored (sinks). In the context of phloem transport, sources refer to regions, such as mature leaves, where carbohydrates (sucrose) are produced during photosynthesis. Sinks are regions, like growing tissues or storage organs, that need energy and nutrients for growth or storage.
Pressure flow, also known as the pressure gradient hypothesis, explains the mechanism by which materials move within the phloem. It relies on the establishment of a pressure gradient between the source and sink regions. The high concentration of sugars in the source region creates a higher osmotic pressure. This pressure causes water to flow into the phloem tubes from the xylem and creates a positive hydrostatic pressure, or turgor, in the phloem sieve tubes. This pressure then drives the movement of sugars and other substances towards the sink regions, where they are needed.
So, the correct answer is both "source-to-sink" and "pressure flow" because these terms describe different aspects of the movement of materials already in the phloem.