What two factors caused retrenchment from 1731–1745?
• Apache raids and poorly timed military cutbacks
• border disputes and attacks from the French
• the Mexican War of Independence and the Spanish American War
• wars in Europe and numerous failed missions
To determine the two factors that caused retrenchment from 1731-1745, we can analyze the options provided:
1. Apache raids and poorly timed military cutbacks: Apache raids were frequent attacks carried out by the Apache tribes against Spanish settlements during this period. This constant threat led to increased military expenses and the need for a stronger defense system. However, if there were poorly timed military cutbacks during this time, it would have weakened the Spanish military and made it more difficult to defend against Apache raids.
2. Border disputes and attacks from the French: Border disputes and attacks from the French were common occurrences during this period. These conflicts not only required financial resources in order to maintain a strong defensive position, but they also diverted attention and troops away from other areas, potentially leading to cutbacks in other aspects of Spanish colonial operations.
3. The Mexican War of Independence and the Spanish American War: The Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821) and the Spanish-American War (1898) are not relevant factors for the period of 1731-1745. These events occurred much later in history and do not align with the specified time frame.
4. Wars in Europe and numerous failed missions: Wars in Europe during this time could have potentially affected the Spanish Empire, as conflicts often required substantial funds and resources. Additionally, numerous failed missions could have led to financial losses and a need to reevaluate and potentially cut back on certain activities.
Considering the options provided, the two factors most likely to have caused retrenchment from 1731-1745 are Apache raids and poorly timed military cutbacks, as well as wars in Europe and numerous failed missions.