Given g(x) = −2(4)^−x−3 −1. Describe the transformations that need to be applied to the base function f(x) = 4x to obtain g(x)
f(x) = 4^x
4^-x is a reflection across the y-axis
Now, I assume that you meant 4^(-x-3) = 4^(-(x+3)) so that's a shift 3 to the left
-4^-x is a reflection across the x-axis
2*4^-x is a vertical stretch of 2
finally, the -1 at the end is a shift down by 1