a satellite in space experiences direct sunlight and heats up. during periods when it receives no direct sunlight....
During periods when a satellite in space receives no direct sunlight, it cools down. This happens because in space, there is no medium to conduct heat, so the primary means of heat transfer for a satellite is radiation. When the satellite is exposed to direct sunlight, it absorbs solar radiation, which increases its temperature. However, when the satellite moves into the shadow of a celestial body (such as the Earth or the Moon) or enters into Earth's shadow during an eclipse, it no longer receives direct sunlight and starts to cool down.
The cooling process in space occurs mainly through thermal radiation. All objects above absolute zero temperature emit electromagnetic radiation, which includes infrared light. When a satellite is hot, it emits more radiation in the form of infrared light. As the satellite cools down, it emits less infrared radiation. The rate at which the satellite cools down depends on its surface area, composition, and the efficiency of its radiative cooling system.
It is worth noting that some satellites have active cooling systems, such as radiators or other heat-dissipating mechanisms, to maintain their temperature within a specific range. These systems work by radiating excess heat generated by onboard electronics or other heat sources into space.
In summary, when a satellite in space receives no direct sunlight, it cools down primarily through the emission of thermal radiation into space.