Both primary and secondary succession have pioneer species that-??
A--change an area to make it safer from predatory organisms
B--invade the area so that new organisms cannot be established
C--modify the areas to allow larger, more complex organisms to appear
D--use up all the existing resources and prevent the establishment of non-native species
DONT JUST COPY AND PAST WHAT'S ON THE INTERNET I NEED TO KNOW IF ITS A B C OR D
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To determine the correct answer, let's review the process of primary and secondary succession and the role of pioneer species in each.
Primary succession occurs in environments where no soil is present, such as after a volcanic eruption or on newly formed bare rock. In this process, pioneer species, such as lichens and mosses, play a critical role in developing soil from weathered rock, broken-down organic matter, and their own decomposition over time. As pioneer species colonize the area, they begin to modify the environment, making it more suitable for other organisms to appear. They do this by capturing and retaining moisture, breaking down rocks into smaller particles, and adding organic material to the soil. This eventually creates a foundation for larger, more complex organisms to establish themselves.
Secondary succession, on the other hand, occurs in environments where soil is already present but has been disturbed or damaged, such as after a forest fire or an abandoned agricultural field. In this case, pioneer species often include fast-growing plants like grasses and shrubs. They rapidly invade the barren area and help stabilize the soil through root systems, reducing erosion. They also add organic matter to the soil through their decaying biomass, contributing to the improvement of soil fertility over time.
Now, let's revisit the answer choices:
A) Change an area to make it safer from predatory organisms: This doesn't accurately portray the role of pioneer species in primary and secondary succession. While the establishment of pioneer species may indirectly provide some protection against predators for other organisms, it is not their primary function.
B) Invade the area so that new organisms cannot be established: This is not accurate. Pioneer species actually prepare the environment, making it more suitable for other organisms to establish themselves.
C) Modify the areas to allow larger, more complex organisms to appear: This statement aligns with the role of pioneer species in both primary and secondary succession. They modify the environment by creating soil, improving moisture retention, and adding organic matter, which eventually allows larger and more complex organisms to thrive. Therefore, option C is a possible correct answer.
D) Use up all the existing resources and prevent the establishment of non-native species: This is not an accurate representation of the role of pioneer species. They establish themselves and prepare the environment for the establishment of other organisms, rather than using up all the resources and preventing the arrival of other species.
Considering the explanations above, the most appropriate answer would be C) Modify the areas to allow larger, more complex organisms to appear.